English reviewer

• Elements of a good writing 

  • Purpose
  • Audience
  • Clarity 
  • Unity 
  • Coherence 
• • Topic sentence  -the most important sentence in a paragraph.
• • Controlling idea

  -the main idea that the writer is developing in a composition.
• • Supporting sentences

  -used to support, explain, illustrate, or provide evidence for the idea expressed in the topic sentence.
• • Concluding sentences 

  -A concluding sentence is the last sentence of a paragraph.
• Purpose

  -the reason that a writer is writing a particular paragraph 

  -the goal of the writer that their trying to achieve

  -to stay focused on their topic 
• Three most common goals of academic writing 

  • To inform
  • To persuade
  • To entertain
• Audience 

  • main 2 elements in relating to your audience:
  • View point or person ( first, second, or third)
  • Formal and informal writing
• Formal Writing 

  -the style used when an individual is writing a text for an audience that they do not know personally.
• Informal Writing 

  -similar to a spoken conversation

  -used for casual talks or letters 
• Clarity

    -comes from having a crystal clear understanding of the topic, which begins with a strong title.
• two ways that you can improve your clarity

  • Use descriptive (or precise) words
  • Use clear pronoun references
• Unity 

  -unity in a paragraph means that all the sentences are related to the topic sentence and its controlling idea.
• Coherence 

  -to have coherence when to have coherence when all of its parts are organized and flow smoothly and logically from one idea to the next. This is important so that the reader can followalong easily.
• Three important features of coherence are:

  • logical order
  • repetition of key words
  • Use other terms or pronouns 
  • use of transitional words or phrases.
• research writing is to research is to find answers to questions.
• in research writing all professionals and practitioners in various fields conduct research to determine answer to their inquiries
• in research writing they gather data to answer questions and solutions to their inquiries.
• we do research to

  • produce new knowledge 
• Ardales (2001)

  • A systematic, objective, and comprehensive investigation of certain phenomenon 
  • Involves accurate gathering and recording, and critical analysis and interpretation of all facts
• social research focuses on understanding and learning about the changes and development in the social world 
• social research

  • Follows a systematic plan of action which includes qualitative and quantitative observation methods.
• • 4 main qualitative research methods:
  • Semi-structured interview
  • Focus groups
  • Content analysis 
  • Case study research 
• • Quantitative research 
  • Uses statistical analysis techniques to evaluate data collected via surveys, polls or questionnaire 
• quantitative research is

  • Data is analyzed to conclude numerical or statistical results.
• quantitative research

  • Close-ended questions and data that is presented in tables, charts, and graphs.
• • 4 distinct quantitative research method:
  • Survey research
  • Correlational research 
  • Casual-comparative research 
  • Experimental research 
• • Qualitative research 
  • Collect data via open-ended and conversational discussion 
• qualitative research

  • Results = focused on more being accurate rather than generalizing the whole population. 
• qualitative

  • Participants are not taken out of their comfort zone 
• qualitative research

  • Researches depend on multiple methods to gather qualitative data for complex issues
• Nueman (2007) 

  • social research is “a process in which a researcher combines a set of principles, outlooks, and ideas with a collection of specific practices, techniques, and strategies to produce knowledge”
• Characteristics on basic research based on nueman (2007):

  a. Its goal is to refute or support theories that explain how social world works, what causes things to occur, why society changes, and why social relations operate in that matter. 
• Characteristics on basic research based on nueman (2007): b. It lacks practical application. 
• Characteristics on basic research based on nueman (2007):

  c. It provides a foundation for the advancement of knowledge in remote extra space various fields of study and policy areas. 
• Characteristics on basic research based on nueman (2007):

  d. It provides explanations and is a source of methods, theories, frameworks, and concepts to understand the causes of how people act or think. 
• Characteristics on basic research based on nueman (2007):

  e. It is bounded by specic method and requires the highest degree of academic scholarship. 
• Characteristics on basic research based on nueman (2007):

  f. The research problems and topics are varied and diverse. 
• Characteristics on basic research based on nueman (2007):

  g. The results are usually published in scholarly journals, books, and other academic publications or presented in academic conferences.