A politicalunit that has authorityover its ownaffairs, with borders recognized by other countries, and the right to determine what happens within those borders
Attributes of World Politics
Independent and Sovereign States
Diplomatic interaction of states
International interactions facilitated by International Organizations like UN
International Organization function on their own beyond facilitating meetings between states
Nation
A large-scale solidarity, constituted by the feeling of sacrifices that one has made in the past and of those that one is prepared to make in the future
Attributes of the State
Population
Territory
Government
Sovereignty
Not all states are nations and not all nations are states, some states have multiple nations, and some nations have multiple states
Nationalism
The nation as an imagined community that is limited and seeks to governitself, which solidified the Westphalian order in the 19th century
The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Thirty Years'War and provided stability for the nations of Europe until it faced its major challenge by NapoleonBonaparte
Principles of Global Politics since Westphalia
Liberal Internationalism - the idea of common internationalprinciples, cooperation and respect among nation-states, and promotion of globaldemocracy
Socialist Internationalism - "Workers of the world unite", "The proletariat has no nation", Marxistanti-nationalism
Factors behind the emergence of global governance
The declining power of nation-states
Vast flows of digital information, people, and criminal elements across borders
Massmigration of people and their entry, often illegally into various nation-states.
Horrendous events within nation-states that they are unable to control
Globalproblems that single nation-states cannot tackle on their own
Government
The group of people who have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of the state, with each state having the right to self-determination and other countries not intervening unless there are extraordinary reasons
The global economy demands that states conform to the rules of free-market capitalism, with the development of organizations that cooperate across countries such as the WTO and regionalagreements like NAFTA, EU, and ASEAN
Neoliberal economics started in the 1980's, focusing on freetrade and dismantlingtradebarriers, and making sure governments did not impose restrictiveregulations on businesses
Government
The system of rules, and the leadership, established and codified in a particular state, whether or not through elections. Especially in a democratic society, the government provides the leadership of the state.
Policy
Developed and implemented in the interest of the people of a state by a specific government.
Civil society
Includes the private economy, educational institutions, churches, hospitals, fraternal organizations and other non-profit organizations. Can act as a counterweight or supplement to government.
Global economy
Demands that states conform to the rules of free-market capitalism. Government austerity comes from development of organizations that cooperate across countries such as WTO, NAFTA, EU, and ASEAN.
Neoliberal economics
Started in the 1980s, focused on free trade and dismantlingtradebarriers. Ensured governments did not impose restrictiveregulations on corporate presence or the free flow of capital and jobs.
Free trade was seen as the ideal or the normativebelief that the best economy is one where there is free trade everywhere. Laws and standards that would interfere with the flow of capital in a particular country, including environmental regulations, were deemed to discourage economic growth.
Neoliberal economics
Requires a state to cooperate in the global market through the free flow of capital, the privatization of services and fiscal austerity or constraint. The government's role is diminished as it relates to the market.
Neoliberal economics is seen as a threat, in general, because a state market cannot protect its own economic interest as a sovereign state.
Specific examples to expand global economic influence
Use of IMF and the World Bank in forcing government reforms in poorer countries
Businesses from developed countries putting their factories and building people to build factories and produce goods in developing countries worldwide, then selling the products in developing countries which results in rising inequality
Social movements
Movements of people that are spontaneous or that emerge through enormous grassroots organizations. Transnational movements that occur across countries and borders, over which states have less control.
Examples of global social movements
The death of George Floyd and the fight of Hong Kong for further democratic rights
Environmental movement related to public policy, with an increased role in international organizations like the UN, global media, international criminal court, and non-governmental NGOs
Globalization
The increase or decline in the degree of globalism.
Globalism
The network of connections that transcends distances of different countries in the world.
Informationalism
The technological paradigm associated with computer science and modern telecommunication that replaces industrialism.