anaphy1 human organism

• Anatomy


  Investigates body structure, the term means to dissect
• Physiology


  Investigates processes and functions, studies the human organism
• Systemic Physiology


  Studies body organ-systems
• Cellular Physiology


  Studies body cells
• Importance of Anatomy and Physiology


  • Understand how the body responds to stimuli, environmental changes, environmental cues, diseases, injury
• Types of Anatomy


  • Systemic
  • Regional
  • Surface
  • Anatomical imaging
• Structural and Functional Organization


  1. Chemical

  2. Cellular

  3. Tissues

  4. Organs

  5. Organ-System

  6. Organism
• Structural and Functional Organization has 6 levels from chemical to organism
• Tissues are a group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release
• Organs are two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s)
• Organ-Systems are a group of organs contributing to some function
• Organisms are all organ systems working together, including associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria
• Characteristics of Life


  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment
• Variables


  Measures of body properties that may change in value
• Examples of variables


  • Body temperature
  • Heart rate
  • Blood pressure
  • Blood glucose levels
  • Blood cell counts
  • Respiratory rate
• Normal range


  Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point
• Set point


  Normal, or average value of a variable
• Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point
• Set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted depending on body activities, as needed
• Examples of common causes of change in set points

  • Fever
  • Exercise
• Negative feedback


  1. Detection of deviation away from set point

  2. Correction of deviation toward set point and normal range
• Receptor


  Detects changes in variable
• Control center


  Receives receptor signal, establishes set point, sends signal to effector
• Effector


  Directly causes change in variable
• Negative feedback is the main mechanism used for homeostatic regulation
• Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response, causing progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range
• Positive feedback is not directly used for homeostasis, but some positive feedback occurs under normal conditions, such as during childbirth
• Positive feedback is generally associated with injury or disease, when negative feedback mechanisms are unable to maintain homeostasis
• Anatomical position is a person standing erect with face and palms forward, and all relational descriptions are based on this position regardless of body orientation
• Superior means above, inferior means below, anterior means front (also ventral), posterior means back (also dorsal)
• Medial means close to midline, lateral means away from midline, proximal means close to point of attachment, distal means far from point of attachment, superficial means structure close to the surface, deep means structure toward the interior of the body
• The sagittal plane separates the body into right and left parts, the median plane is a sagittal plane along the midline that divides the body into equal left and right halves, the transverse plane separates the body into superior and inferior parts, and the frontal plane separates the body into anterior and posterior parts
• The upper limbs include the upper arm, forearm, wrist, and hand, the lower limbs include the thigh, lower leg, ankle, and foot, and the central region includes the head, neck, and trunk
• The abdomen can be subdivided into regions as shown in Figure 1.10
• The thoracic cavity is the space within the chest wall and diaphragm, containing the heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea, and the mediastinum is the space between the lungs containing the heart, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea
• The abdominal cavity is the space between the diaphragm and pelvis, containing the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys, and the pelvic cavity is the space within the pelvis, containing the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and part of the large intestine
• Serous membranes


  Line trunk cavities and cover organs
• Serous membranes have a visceral layer covering the organs and a parietal layer lining the cavity walls, with a fluid-filled space between the layers
• There are three sets of serous membranes and cavities: the pericardium and pericardial cavity around the heart, the pleura and pleural cavity around the lungs, and the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity in the abdominopelvic region