Exam kay sir JD

• Endocrine glands


  • Pituitary
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pineal Body
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
  • Testes
  • Ovary
• Homeostasis


  Balance or Equilibrium
• Endocrine vs Exocrine: Endocrine is ductless and directly in the bloodstream, exocrine has a duct
• Management of endocrine disorders

  Anything that is too much = Decrease, Anything that is too low = Increase
• Hypothalamus


  Releases hormones to pituitary
• Pituitary hormones


  • Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
  • Oxytocin
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
• Melatonin


  For sleep cycle, Circadian Rhythm
• Thyroid hormones


  • T3 (Triiodothyronine)
  • T4 (Tetraiodothyronine)
  • Calcitonin
• T3 and T4


  • Regulate basal metabolic rate, body heat production
• Calcitonin


  • Regulates calcium in bones
• Parathyroid


  Regulates calcium in bones
• Thymus


  For immune system
• Adrenal hormones


  • Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Metanephrine)
  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol
  • Androgen
• Adrenal medulla


  • Produces catecholamines (fight or flight response)
• Adrenal cortex


  • Produces aldosterone (salt regulation), cortisol (sugar regulation), and androgens (sex hormones)
• Pancreas


  Produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
• Testes


  Produce testosterone
• Ovary


  Produces estrogen
• Endocrine disorders


  • Addison's disease (hyposecretion of adrenal hormones)
  • Cushing's disease (hypersecretion of adrenal hormones)
  • Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)
  • Pheochromocytoma (overactive adrenal medulla)
  • Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism)
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)
  • Diabetes mellitus (inadequate glucose control)
  • Diabetes insipidus (low ADH)
• Addison's disease is caused by OGK (unknown), autoimmune
• Cushing's disease is caused by pituitary/adrenal adenoma, long-term corticosteroid therapy
• Conn's syndrome is caused by adrenal adenoma
• Pheochromocytoma is caused by malignant adrenal adenoma, results in severely high blood pressure
• Grave's disease is caused by pituitary adenoma, diffuse toxic goiter, or iodine excess
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis is caused by autoimmune, iodine deficiency, or radiation
• Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by autoimmune, type 2 is caused by lifestyle
• Diabetes insipidus is caused by irreversible pituitary damage, trauma, neoplasm, infection, or congenital malformations
• Addison's medications


  • Dexamethasone
  • Fludrocortisone
  • Betamethasone
  • Hydrocortisone
  • Prednisone
• Cushing's medications


  • Mitotane
  • Metyrapone
  • Aminoglutethimide
  • Ketoconazole
• Oral hypoglycemic agents


  • Sulfonylureas
  • Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
  • Biguanides
  • Thiazolidinediones
• Pituitary is the master gland
• Hypoglycemia is treated with 1 vial of D50, fast drip
• Hydrocortisone is an emergency drug
• PISO = Potassium In, Sodium Out
• Foods high in potassium

  • Apricot
  • Avocado
  • Banana
  • Kiwi
  • Green leafy vegetables
  • Papaya
  • Oranges
• Low calcium indications are Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign
• Conn's syndrome management


  Spironolactone/Aldactone (aldosterone antagonist)
• Pheochromocytoma management


  • Alpha-adrenergic blockers (phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine)
  • Nitroprusside (decreases BP rapidly)
  • Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (inhibits catecholamine synthesis)
  • Propranolol (beta blocker for cardiac dysrhythmia)
• Propylthiouracil (PTU) is safe for pregnancy in anti-thyroid medication
• Thyroid storm


  Uncontrolled release of thyroid hormones, caused by stress, infection, or surgery