Materials for construction

• Construction estimation


  The process of determining the probable costs incurred in the construction
• Accuracy of the construction estimate


  Impacts the profit margin for the contractor who is leading the build
• Material Cost


  Cost of all construction materials to be installed in the structure
• Labor Cost


  Cost of manpower to be engaged in the successful execution of the construction work
• Equipment Cost


  Cost of rented or owned equipment, including cost of loading, transportation, unloading, erection, maintenance, dismantling and removal
• Overhead cost


  Expenses for the travel expenses, security personnel, water and electrical utility costs, clearing and grubbing works, and at times the equipment cost
• Contingencies


  Cost incurred due to unforeseen circumstances, for instance fluctuation in the price of construction materials, or increase in the basic minimum wages
• Miscellaneous cost


  Expenses for the preparation of construction plans, application for building permit and other government documents, material testing and quality assurance cost
• Taxes


  Portion of the total cost that is usually taken as 12% of Portions A to D
• Bill of Materials (BOM)


  List of materials needed with respect to each task
• Bill of Quantities (BOQ)


  List of the total number of materials, regardless of the task
• The Bill of Quantities (BOQ) and Bill of Materials (BOM) help the End User in knowing where their money will be spent as they give them the breakdown of tasks and materials needed to accomplish their dream house/structure
• Excavation


  Work involving the removal of soil or rock from a site to form an open face, hole or cavity, using tools, machinery or explosives
• Common Excavation


  Excavation not included in the bill of quantities under "Rock Excavation" or other pay items
• Muck/Unsuitable Excavation


  Removal and disposal of deposits of saturated and unsaturated mixtures of soils or organic matter not suitable for foundation material regardless of moisture content
• Structural Excavation


  Removal and disposal of existing subgrade structures, such as but not limited to concrete pipes, septic vaults, foundation footings and foundation beams
• Backfilling


  The process of reusing or replacing the soil that is removed during the excavation of foundations, ground bearing slabs or other groundworks to support and strengthen a structure
• Embankment


  A volume of earthen material that is placed and compacted for the purpose of raising the grade of a roadway above the level of the existing surrounding ground surface
• Compaction


  An integral item under earthworks since it prevents the likelihood of settlement of soil under concrete structures, which may cause potential cracking
• Concrete is the most widely used construction material
• Concrete


  A hard compact building material formed when a mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water undergoes hydration
• Cement


  4 parts calcined lime stones plus 1 part clay which are mixed, burned, and pulverized, sold in 40 kilos per bags
• Sand


  Fine aggregates, natural sand or crushed stone well graded
• Gravel


  Coarse aggregates, crushed stone, or blast furnace slags
• Water


  Clean, potable, and free from harmful substances
• Admixture


  Additive as required by situations, ingredients added to concrete or mortar modify its properties immediately before or after mixing
• Normal weight concrete


  Has a density of 2200 to 2400 kg/m3 (140 to 150 lb/ft3), composed of sand, gravel, crushed stone, and air-cooled blast-furnace slag
• Lightweight concrete


  Has a density ranging from about 1350 to 1850 kg/m3 (90 to 120 lb/ft3), composed of Aggregates of expanded shale, clay, slate, and slag, and other lightweight materials such as pumice, scoria, perlite, vermiculite, and diatomite
• Heavyweight concrete


  Has a density ranging from 2900 kg/m3 to 6100 kg/m3 (180 lb/ft3 to 380 lb/ft3), composed of barite, limonite, magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, iron, and steel punchings or shot
• Water-cement ratio


  Controls the strength, durability and water tightness of hardened concrete
• Bleeding


  Emergence of excess mixing water of the surface of newly placed concrete cause of settlement of solids within the mass
• Laitance


  Milky deposit containing cement and fine aggregate on the surface of new concrete combined with bleeding, overworking of mix of improper finishing
• Creep


  Long duration stress produces stress over time and consequently causes permanent deformation
• Fire-Resistance


  Concrete is incombustible and somewhat insulative, but long exposure to fire can be damaging
• Shrinkage


  Ordinary concrete shrinks amount during process, This must be controlled by providing expansion joints and steel reinforcements
• Hardness


  Relative to durability and appearance, accomplished thru troweled or floated finish to draw more paste to the surface
• Porosity


  Sizes of pores left during hydration process or created by excessive evaporation and shrinkage cracks affecting the watertightness of concrete. Apply compaction techniques
• Durability


  Concrete durability requirements are specified on most major bridge and pavements projects, typically based on "Rapid Chloride Permeability Test"
• Workability


  Depends on the rheological properties of fresh concrete, defined by yield stress and plastic viscosity
• Yield stress


  The effort needed to initiate movement of the fresh concrete, correlates well with slump