BILD 1 EXAM 1

• Three domains of life

  bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
• two principal structures of cells

  prokaryotic and eukaryotic
• organisms in the eukarya's cells and their internal structure

  made up of eukaryotic cells and their internal structure has organelles and nucleuses that have their own DNA in it
• bacteria and archaea are made up of what cells?

  prokaryotic cells
• eukaryotes are made up of what and are they singular or multicellular?

  made up of eukaryotic cells and can either be singular or multicellular
• prokaryotes are made up of what and are they singular or multicellular?

  made up of prokaryotic cells and they are singular
• Nucleotide bases (makes up strands in a DNA molecule)

  Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)
• isotopes

  elements that have atoms that can have more neutrons than other atoms that are in the same element
• number of neutrons in an element

  atomic mass - atomic number = number of neutrons
• atomic number represents what?

  number of protons and number electrons in the nucleus of an atom
• number of protons describes what?

  describes its being
• spatial arrangement of an atom's electrons determines?

  describes its proficiency to develop bonds
• how does a covalent bond form?

  two atoms sharing a pair of electrons creates a covalent bond and it is one of the strongest bonds
• purpose of electronegativity

  illustrates the element's attraction to the shared electrons in a covalent bond
• difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds

  polar: two atoms of the bond equally share electrons, nonpolar: atom of the bond is bonded with a more electronegative atom (not equal)
• partial positive charge in an element

  means the element's atom is bonded with another atom that has more electronegativity levels
• partial negative charge in an element

  means the element's atom attraction towards the electrons are not as strong as the other element's atom
• hydrogen bond

  hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge bonds with a partial negative charged atom... happens bc the hydrogen atom's attraction towards the other element's electrons is stronger than another atom
• kinetic energy and relation to water 


  describes the energy of a moving object, related to water bc when temperature of water rises, water molecules have an increased kinetic energy due to it moving around more than usual
• homogeneous mixture 


  mixing two or more substances completely together to create a solution
• solvent

  dissolves a solution and dissolves a substance called solute
• how to determine if a solution has a higher concentration of H+ ions?

  by looking at their pH levels, more acidic = higher concentration of H+ ions
• what happens to the H bonds in H2O when water is in its liquid form?

  H bonds in its molecules are more fragile than it is in other forms and this allows the H bonds to break easily and re-form continually while water is moving and this creates the properties of water
• transcription 


  the process of creating a DNA copy
• translation 


  the process of turning the copy into a protein (mRNA)
• cells use DNA to make what?

  proteins
• what four elements make up ~96% of living matter?

  Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
• what is an ionic bond?

  ions of opposite charge that bond together
• what do ionic bonds form?

  ionic compounds
• How does an atom become partially charged?

  when it bonds with an atom with either less or more electronegativity levels
• what does water have?

  cohesive behavior, the ability to moderate temperature, expand upon freezing, and is a versatile solvent
• in a water molecule, what type of bond do the O and H atom have?

  polar covalent bonds
• water density

  less dense when it is solid than liquid bc water expands when it freezes (H bonds keep the molecules at arm's length, so 10% fewer molecules in the same volume)
• cohesion

  H bonds hold water molecules together
• adhesion

  water molecules H bond to nearby molecules (not other water molecules)
• surface tension

  cohesion of water molecules, harder to break the surface
• heat

  total kinetic energy of the atoms in a substance
• temperature

  average kinetic energy of atoms in a substance
• heat capacity 


  number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a material by one degree
• Would a substance with weaker bonds or stronger bonds have a higher heat capacity?

  stronger bonds bc more energy is needed to break the bonds, so the substance would have to have a higher heat capacity