MODULE 3

• Bienvenido Lumbera
• • Oral Lore from Pre-colonial Times (-1564)
  • Literature under Spanish Colonialism (1565-1897)
  • Literature under U.S. Colonialism (Japanese Occupation) (1898-1945)
  • Literature under the Republic (1946-1985)
  • Literature after EDSA (1986-1995)
• Pre-colonial Period - longest period of Philippine literature
• baybayin - native syllabary
• literature was mostly oral in tradition and bore the mark of the community
• everyone is a writer
• Pre-colonial period vehicle of our culture, all texts were centered on passing down traditions, knowledge of the world, values, discipline, and faith
• Common Literary Forms of Pre-colonial Period

  • Proverbs (Salawikain)
  • Riddles (Bugtong)
  • Epic (Epiko)
  • Prose Narrative (Kuwentong Bayan)
  • Short Poems (Tanaga and Ambahan)
  • Chant (Bulong)
  • Folksongs (Awiting Bayan)
  • Ritual and Dances (Ritwal at Sayaw)
• Proverbs - served as laws or rules on good behavior and as practical guides in living life by our ancestors
• Two essential features of proverbs are didacticism for contents and conciseness for form
• Riddles - traditional verbal expression containing one or two descriptive elements, may be in opposition and referent is to be guessed, usually rhyming
• Epics - long heroic narratives which recount the adventures of tribal heroes
• Characteristics of Epics

  • based on oral tradition
  • has a certain seriousness of purpose
  • revolves around supernatural events and heroic deeds
  • in the form of verse
  • narratives of sustained length
  • either chanted or sung
• Myths (Mito) - deal mainly with the creation of the universe, the origin of man, the gods and supernatural beings, and native culture heroes
• Fables (Pabula) - are stories that use animals as characters and meant to impart lessons
• Legends (Alamat) - like myths that are regarded true by the narrator, set in a period more remote
• Folktales (Kuwentong Bayan) - made up stories about life, where one can derive lessons about life
• Short poems are mostly quartains with monorhyming heptasyllabic lines
• Hanunoo-Mangyangs of Mindoro call these poems ambahan and used to express love and other emotions
• Surat Mangyan - text of Hanunoo-Mangyans
• Sanlucar and Noceda’s Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1854) call these tanaga
• Chants (Bulong)

  • expressing faith
  • originally harmless, but was stigmatized during the Spanish colonial period
• • Folksongs (Awiting Bayan) - a form of folk lyric which expresses hopes and aspirations, the people’s lifestyles as well as their loves
• • Talindaw (fishing)
  • Ang Dalit o Imno (Visayan gods)
  • Panambitan or Tagulaylay (the dead)
  • Diona (wedding)
  • Ang Oyayi o Hele (lullaby)
  • Kundiman (love)
  • Kumintang o Tagumpay (war)
  • Soliranin (the laborers)
• Rituals and Dance (Drama) (Ritwal at Sayaw) - mostly mimetic dances imitating natural cycles and work activities as its simplest form
• • CHARACTERISTICS:
  • spontaneous and instinctive
  • uses the language of daily life
  • crude in ideology and phraseology
  • CONVENTIONS:
  • formulaic repetitions
  • regular rhythmic and musical devices
  • stereotyping of characters
• During Spanish Colonial Period - all pre-colonial records were considered as works of the devils; thus, they were burned
• oral lore to print, baybayin to alphabet, native to western
• Spanish colonial period was centered on religious themes to spread the influence of Christianity to natives
• Spanish colonial period themes surrounding oppression, demands for reform, and desire for freedom enlightened the Filipino masses and inspired the revolution against the Spaniards
• Religious Literature

  • May Bagyo Ma't May Rilim (1605) - poem
  • Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin (1704) - epic narrative
  • Sinakulo or Cenakulo - stage play
  • Komedya o Moro-moro - poetic theater
  • Tibag - recreational play
  • Duplo or Karagatan - poetic performances
• Secular Literature

  • Awit
  • Korido
  • Carillo
  • Urbana at Feliza (1864)
  • Ninay (1885)
  • Zarzuelas
• Awit - metrical romance that consist of four 12-syllable and most popular is Florante at Laura (1838) by Francisco Baltazar or Balagtas
• Korido - metrical tale, 8-syllable and most notable poet is Jose de la Cruz or Huseng Sisiw
• Carillo - play that uses shadows as main spectacle
• Urbana at Feliza (1864) - written by Padre Modesto de Castro, book of manners in epistolary novel format
• Ninay - written by Pedro Paterno and the first novel in Filipino
• Zarzuelas - musical comedies or melodramas
• Revolutionary Literature

  • Liwanag at Dilim
  • Ang Pasyong Dapat Ipag-alab ng Taong Baba sa Kalupitan ng Fraile
  • Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
  • Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas
• Liwanag at Dilim - poem, short essays written by Emilio Jacinto meant to be published in the Katipunan newspaper Kalayaan