discrete

• Proposition


  A declarative statement that is either true or false
• Propositions


  • The sky is blue
  • The moon is made of cheese
  • Luke, I am your father
• Connectives


  Operators used to make compound propositions
• Connectives


  • Negation
  • Conjunction
  • Disjunction
  • Implication
  • Biconditional
• Negation


  The statement "not P"
• Negation


  • My dog is not the cutest dog
  • The door is open (not the door is not open)
• Truth table


  A table showing all possible combinations of truth values for propositions and the resulting truth values for connectives
• For n propositions, a truth table has 2^n rows
• Conjunction


  The statement "P and Q"
• For a conjunction to be true, both propositions must be true
• Disjunction


  The statement "P or Q"
• For a disjunction to be true, at least one proposition must be true
• Inclusive OR


  Either proposition can be true, or both can be true
• Exclusive OR


  Exactly one proposition can be true, not both
• Globalization


  A complex phenomenon that occurs at multiple levels and is experienced in numerous ways by people
• Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments of different nations, driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology
• Globalization


  Informally, the collapsing of borders or the shrinking of the world
• Globalization has both advantages and disadvantages, it is not solely beneficial for everyone
• Possible definitions of globalization

  • Many view it primarily as an economic tool
  • Activists criticize unfair international trade deals and global economic organizations
  • Academics take an interdisciplinary approach, defining it as the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and space
• Globalization


  • It creates new social networks and multiplies existing connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographic boundaries
  • It should not be mistaken for the ideology of globalism, which believes global economic integration benefits everyone by spreading freedom and democracy
• Globalism


  A belief among powerful or privileged people that the global integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone because it spreads freedom and democracy across the world
• Scapes of globalization


  • Ethnoscape (global movement of people)
  • Mediascape (flow of culture)
  • Technoscape (circulation of mechanical goods and software)
  • Finanscape (global circulation of money)
  • Ideoscape (movement of political ideas)
• Global Age


  A period of time when there is a prevailing sense of interconnectedness of all human beings, of common faith for human species, and a threat to its life on this earth
• Globalization


  • It is a process of interaction and integration
  • It is driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology
  • It is about liberalization and global integration of markets
  • It is inevitable and irreversible
  • No one is in charge of it
  • It benefits everyone in the long run
  • It furthers the spread of democracy in the world
  • It requires a global war on terror
• Contemporary world


  The modern world we are living in, the current world
• Transnational


  Individuals creating connections and interconnections despite differences in culture, tradition, language, etc.
• Transnationality


  The rise of new communities creating new social identities
• Globality


  Creating new social conditions, norms, cultures, and traditions
• Solidity


  Limited mobility of people, things, information, and places over time due to barriers
• Liquidity


  Increased ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the global age, free from barriers
• Heavy


  Hardened or limited movement, difficulty to move
• Light


  Easier to move, no burdens or barriers
• Flow


  Movement of people, things, information due to the porosity of global barriers
• Economic globalization


  Growing economic linkages at the global level, linking countries and states through the global capitalist system
• Structural barriers


  • Social classes
  • Race
  • Ethnicity
  • Gender
  • Regions of the world
• Brain drain


  Skilled people leaving their home countries to work in other countries due to lack of opportunities
• Origins and history of globalization

  • Hardwire theory (urge for a better life)
  • Cycle (globalization cycles from one stage to another)
  • Epochs (14th-17th century religious globalization, 15th century European colonial conquest, late 18th-19th century intra-European wars, mid-19th-18th century Roman heyday, post-WWII, post-Cold War)
• Structures of globalization


  • Social
  • Political
  • Economic
• Social globalization


  Measure of how easily information and ideas pass between people within and across countries, including access to internet and social media
• Political globalization


  Amount of political cooperation between countries