psy12

• Cognitive Psychology


  The study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information
• Main Stages of Cognitive Processing

  1. Thesis

  2. Antithesis

  3. Synthesis
• Empiricism(Aristotle)


  Believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence (we obtain evidence through experience and observation)
• Rationalism(Plato)


  The route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis
• Rene Descartes: 'cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am)'
• John Locke (Tabula rasa)

  Humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation
• Principles of Associationism


  • Contiguity - associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time
  • Similarity - associating things with similar features or properties
  • Contrast - associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold, light/dark, day/night
• Behaviorism


  Observable behavior, environment, stimuli
• Cognitivism


  The belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think
• Psychobiology


  • Karl Spencer Lashley - Brain is an active, dynamic organizer of behavior
  • Donald Hebb - Concept of cell assemblies as the basis for learning in the brain
• Turing test


  A computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable, by humans, from the output of humans
• Artificial intelligence (AI)


  The attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information
• George Miller (1956) noted that the number seven appeared in many different places in cognitive psychology, such as in the literature on perception and memory
• Modularity of mind


  Concept popularized by Jerry Fodor (1973)
• Cognitive psychology


  The study of how people learn, structure, store, and use knowledge
• Intelligence


  The capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment
• Three Cognitive Models of Intelligence

  • Carroll: Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence
  • Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences
  • Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
• Empirical data and theories are both important—data in cognitive psychology can be fully understood only in the context of an explanatory theory, and theories are empty without empirical data
• Cognition is generally adaptive, but not in all specific instances
• Cognitive processes interact with each other and with non-cognitive processes
• Cognition needs to be studied through a variety of scientific methods
• All basic research in cognitive psychology may lead to applications, and all applied research may lead to basic understandings
• Gardner:Theory of Multiple Intelligence:

  Linguistic

  Logical/Mathematical

  Spatial

  Bodily-Kinesthetic

  Musical

  Interpersonal

  Intrapersonal

  Naturalist.

• Analytical Intelligence (componential)


  Prior Knowledge (learn new info, making judgement)

  Academic problem solving and computation
• Creative Intelligence (experiential)


  Novelty problems (unique situations)

  Automation (apply learned material to novel situations)

  Imaginative and innovative problem solving
• Practical Intelligence (contextual)


  Adaptation, shaping , selection, to environment

  Street smart and common sense