Micropara Lec 2.2

• S Layer


  contains glycoproteins that are closely

  arranged and are strong enough to hold the

  integrity of the cell.
• Pseudomurein


  Closely resemble peptidoglycan
• N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid 


  In archaeal pseudomurein, NAT forms glycosidic bonds with NAG. What does NAT stand for?
• What linkages connect NAT and NAG in archaeal pseudomurein?

  B (1,3) glycosidic
• Linkages of NAT and NAG are insensitive to what?

  Lysozyme activity
• Lysozyme


  Found in animal secretions
• 6th carbon


  Where are peptide cross links located on archaeal psudomurein?
• How many layers are the archaeal cell membrane?

  Bilayer or monolayer
• Archaeal cell membrane: some tails may contain _ and some have tails with _

  Phytanyl groups, carbon rings
• Archaeal cell membrane: head and tail are connected by _?

  Ether-linkages
• The main group to thrive in extreme environments

  Archaea
• Archaea that live in thermal vents, hot springs and volcanic vents

  Thermophiles
• Archaea that live in salt beaches, evaporation ponds, high-salt basin in the deep sea

  Halophiles
• Archaea that live in coal reservoirs, marine sediments, swamps, rumens, and intestinal tract of animals

  Methanogens
• Archaea that is distributed in strictly oxygen-free environments

  Methanogens
• Optimum salt concentration of medium halophiles for growth

  0.5 - 2.0 mol/L
• Extreme halophiles grow optimally in _ or higher salt concentrations

  3.0 mol/L
• Most optimal temp for thermophiles

  50-70 °C
• A few thermophiles can grow at what temperature

  122 °C
• rRNA of Eukarya

  18S rRNA
• rRNA of Bacteria and Archaea

  16s rRNA
• 18S rRNA gene


  Conserved component of eukaryotic genomes
• 18S ribosomal RNA is a part of ribosomal

  RNA and the structural RNA for the small

  component of?

  Eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes
• What helps reflect the differences among eukaryotic species such as fungi?

  Three domain system
• A valid model because 18S rRNA of the

  eukaryotic SSU is:

  enough to differ eukaryotes in evolutionary line

  a homolog of the 16S rRNA of the prokaryotic SSU
• Evidences that eukaryotes are evolutionary chimeras from the endosymbiosis of prokaryotic cells:


  distinct genetic material of mitochondria and plastids from nucleic genome

  ability of these organelles to multiply in a single cell
• Algae


  Eukaryotic microorganisms that contain chlorophyll
• What does algae carry out using water as electron donor?

  Oxygenic photosynthesis
• Groups of algae are distinguished by:

  type of accessory pigment, cell walls, motility
• Does not only contain chlorophyll but also other pigments that hide green color

  Red and brown algae
• Can occur as single cells or aggregate of cells

  Algae
• Found primarily in aquatic habitat and sometimes soil surface

  Algae
• Algae are different to _

  Cyanobacteria
• Red algae

  Rhodophytes
• What does red algae lack?

  Flagella
• Red algae are leafy/filamentous but exhibits what form when they accumulate calcium carbonate?

  Coralline (coral-like)
• Red algae are leafy/filamentous, what should accumulate for them to be in a coralline form?

  Calclum carbonate
• Chloroplasts of red algae contain what?


  Chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins
• Chloroplasts of red algae lack?

  Chlorophyll b
• What masks chlorophyll and may express a darker variation in species dwelling in lower depths?

  Phycoerythrin