perception

• Retinal Disparity


  The difference between the different images received on the retina of either eye, the closer the object the greater the disparity
• Perceiving an object


  1. Use a combination of images from either eye

  2. Position of the image with both eyes open appears as a midway point between the image projected into our left eye and the image projected in our right eye
• Convergence


  The strain when we try to cross our eyes when something is up close indicates to the brain that something is close - gauging the distance of objects
• Accommodation


  • Lens bulging and flattening according to how far away an object is
  • CLOSE = BULGE
  • FAR = FLATTEN
• Motion Parallax


  • Uses our perception of movement to help us gauge how far away things are and measure depth
  • EXAMPLE: in the car, things are away, stay still, things closer will move quickly
• Interposition (overlap)


  The object that is covered is perceived as being further away
• Texture Gradient


  • Helps to judge distance
  • The closer objects are, the greater detail in texture we can see
• Relative Size


  • Helps to judge distance
  • If 2 similar objects show different sized images on the retina that object that is bigger is perceived as being closer
• Height in Visual Field

  • In our visual field, the closer objects are to the horizon line, the further away they appear
  • This means that their height in the visual field helps us to determine their distance
• Linear Perspective


  • Parallel lines within our visual field appear to gradually converge (come together) as they recede into the distance, but are separated up close
  • In this way, our perspective of lines (linear perspective) allows us to gauge distance
• Proximity


  Our brain's tendency to group together items in an image based on their physical closeness
• Closure


  • Our brain's ability to mentally complete images that are otherwise incomplete
  • Fill in the empty spaces/gaps of an incomplete picture to create a whole
• Figure ground


  • Brain's tendency to see some figures as being at the front of an image, while others are in the back
  • They separate figures in an image by placing some in the foreground and some in the background
• Similarities


  Group together figures that look similar or are related to one another based on either size, shape, colour, position and so on
• Biological factors in visual perception

  • Binocular depth cues
  • Monocular depth cues
• Psychological factors in visual perception

  • Gestalt Principles
  • Visual Constancies
  • Historical experiences
  • Perceptual Set - context, past experience, mood etc
• Social factors in visual perception

  • Cultural Norms
• Stages of perception


  1. Sensation: Reception

  2. Sensation: Transduction

  3. Sensation: Transmission

  4. Selection

  5. Organisation

  6. Interpretation
• Visual stimuli


  • Received by the eye in the form of light
  • Light is received by receptors in the retina (a layer at the back of the eye)
  • The light energy is converted into a neural message and sent to the brain
  • Visual information is received in the occipital lobe of the brain, ready for the process of perception to commence
• Rods


  Photoreceptors that allow someone to see in LOW levels of light
• Cones


  Photoreceptors that allow someone to see COLOUR and FINE DETAILS in WELL-LIT conditions
• Gustatory Sensation


  1. Before sensation begins, when chewing, our saliva breaks down our food into tastants

  2. Tastants are the sensory stimuli received in the form of chemical molecules that can be tasted

  3. Tastants are first received by our gustatory receptors, which taste buds are clusters of gustatory receptors

  4. Tastants are converted into a form that is sent to the brain as a neural impulse
• Supertasters and miraculin
• Muller-Lyer -> carpenter western world which most building and infrastructures are built to be squares with lines