bio

• Endocrine System - a body system that is all about communication
• • Derived from the Greek words endo-"within" and crinis- "secrete"
• • A hormone is a chemical transmitter.
• • The hypothalamus is a collection of specialized cells located in the brain and is the primary link between the two systems.
• hypothalamus produces chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions of the pituitary gland.
• Growth Hormone (GH)/ Somatotropin - is essential for the growth and development of bones, muscles, and other organs.
• Growth Hormone (GH)/ Somatotropin -

  enhances protein synthesis, decreases the use of glucose, and promotes fat destruction.
• Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) is essential for the growth of the adrenal cortex.
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is essential for the growth and development of the thyroid gland.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropic hormone.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the female and sperm production in the male.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH): is a gonadotropic hormone stimulating the development of the corpus luteum in the female ovarian follicles and the production of testosterone in the male.
• Prolactin (PRL) stimulates the development and growth of the mammary glands and milk production during pregnancy.
• The sucking motion of the baby stimulates prolactin secretion.
• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):

  regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanin in the skin after exposure to sunlight
• Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)/ Vasopressin -stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules. 
• Hyposecretion of Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)/ Vasopressin hormone can result in diabetes insipidus.
• Diabetes - derived from Latin (originally Greek) and means "to go through or siphon," referring to a large amount of urine produced by the kidneys.
• • In diabetes mellitus, the glucose level in your blood also called blood sugar, is too high. Your kidneys try to remove the extra glucose by passing it into your urine.
• • In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can't properly concentrate urine.
• Polydipsia- excessive thirst
• Oxytocin - stimulates the uterus to contract during labor, delivery, and parturition.
• A synthetic version of oxytocin hormone, used to induce labor, is called Pitocin. It also stimulates the mammary glands to release milk.
• Melatonin - communicates information about environmental lighting to various parts of the body.
• Serotonin - a neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements and affects appetite, mood, sleep, anger, and metabolism.
• Calcitonin - influences bone and calcium metabolism; maintains a homeostasis of calcium in the blood plasma
• Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3): essential to BMR - basal metabolic rate (the rate at which a person's body burns calories while at rest);influences physical/mental development and growth
• Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 = cretinism,

  myxedema, Hashimoto's disease
• Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave's disease,

  goiter, Basedow's disease
• Simple goiter- lack of iodine in diet causes thyroid glands to enlarge.
• Hypothyroidism - Thyroxin is produced in small amounts. Characterized by slow beating of the heart and low metabolic rate.
• Hyperthyroidism- Too much thyroxin is produced because of the overactivity of the thyroid gland. Characterized by high metabolic rate

  • The heart beats fast.
  • Highly nervous and irritable
• Radioactive iodine therapy - destroy the overactive tissue of the thyroid gland
• RAI - is usually given in a special radiology department called nuclear medicine, either at an outpatient clinic or hospital. It can be taken by mouth as a pill or liquid or injected into a vein.
• hyperthyroidism - when your thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone
• hypopituitarism - when your pituitary gland doesn't produce normal amounts of pituitary hormones
• primary or secondary hypothyroidism - when your thyroid doesn't produce normal amounts of thyroid hormones
• thyrotoxic periodic paralysis - when your thyroid produces high levels of thyroid hormones, resulting in muscle weakness
• The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of cells located in the pancreas.
• Alpha cells - facilitate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. This elevates the blood sugar.