21st LIT (LITERARY GENRES)

• Literature


  Written works like poetry, novels, stories, journals of famous authors, etc., and they are usually published
• Genre


  Literally means 'type', so literary genre means types of literary works
• Four Earlier Main Genres

  • Poetry
  • Fiction
  • Nonfiction
  • Drama
• The 21st Century Literary Genres

  • Hyperpoetry
  • Mobile Textula
  • Textula
  • Flash Fiction
  • Chick Lit
  • Text-Talk Novels
• Poetry


  A poem is a piece of writing in which the words are chosen for their beauty and sound and are carefully arranged, often in short lines
• Poetry


  • Poetry is one of the earliest genres of literature. It was either recited or sang back to prehistoric times to call for help from a deity, narrate a hero's life and victories, tell about the love story of their rulers, or describe someone who inspires them
• Line


  A unit of language into which a poem is divided
• Line

  • Whose woods these are I think I know.
  • His house is in the village though;
  • He will not see me stopping here
  • To watch his woods fill up with snow.
• Stanza


  The main building block of a poem, a unit of poetry composed of lines. It is like a paragraph in prose or a verse in a song
• Types of Stanza


  • Couplet – two lines
  • Tercet – three lines
  • Quatrain – four lines
  • Cinquain – five lines
  • Sestet – six lines
  • Septet – seven lines
  • Octave – eight lines
• Meter


  The unit of rhythm in poetry, the pattern or measurement of the poem. Measures lines of poetry based on stressed and unstressed syllables
• Rhyme


  The repetition of identical or similar concluding syllables in different words
• End Rhyme


  The rhyme is at the end of a line of poetry. End rhyme is the most common type of rhyme in English poetry
• End Rhyme


  • Amity by MPV
  • Numbers of people are there,
  • But these candles of mine are rare.
  • Through ups and downs, they care –
  • They are my oxygen when I lose my air.
• Internal Rhyme


  The rhyme is within a single line of the poem
• Internal Rhyme


  • The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe
  • Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
  • Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
  • While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
• Near Rhyme


  Involves sounds that are similar, but not exactly the same
• Near Rhyme


  • "Hope" is the thing with feathers by Emily Dickinson
  • "Hope" is the thing with feathers -
  • That perches in the soul -
  • And sings the tune without the words -
  • And never stops - at all -
• Rhyme Scheme


  The pattern of rhyme at the end of each line
• Rhyme Scheme


  • There was an Old Man with a beard,
  • Who said, "It is just as I feared!"
  • Two Owls and a Hen,
  • Four Larks and a Wren,
  • Have all built their nests in my beard!'
  • A Book of Nonsense by Edward Lear
  • God said, "I made a man"
  • Out of clay
  • —
  • But so bright he, he spun
  • Himself to brightest Day
  • God said, "I made a man"
  • By Jose Garcia Villa
• Tone


  Tone in poetry refers to the author's attitude toward the subject. Tone may be serious, enthusiastic, formal, objective, dramatic, humorous, etc.
• Tone


  • God said, "I Made a Man" by Jose Garcia Villa
  • Serious because it shows the strong and solemn attitude of the writer about the creation of man and humans being genius or civilized
• Theme


  The underlying message that the author wants to convey. Generally, theme is the central idea
• Theme


  • Old Farmer Jack by C.J. Dennis
  • The theme of the poem shows how farmers' daily lives go. How they make money and how hard they work to earn and sell the plants, grains, wheat, food, or whatever it is that serves as their source of income, and even the old ones still work to earn money for their daily lives. This poem also shows that though a farmer's job looks simple and easy, the perseverance, hard work, and dedication they have to plant, harvest, etc. cannot be measured based on just seeing it on the surface. This also goes to everyone working hard to continue for their families.
• Symbolism


  Symbol is used to represent something else like an idea or belief. It is used to go beyond the literal meaning and make it figuratively
• Symbolism


  • A Red, Red Rose by Robert Burns
  • Roses are commonly a symbol of love and romance. You can see this through the lines of Robert Burns's love poem. The red rose symbolizes love, while the melody symbolizes the beauty and grace of his lover.
• Fiction


  A story of make believe, made by the author's creative imagination
• Fiction Sub-Genres

  • Mystery
  • Fantasy
  • Suspense
  • Historical fiction
  • Science fiction
  • Realistic fiction
  • Folklore (myths, fables, legends)
• Fiction


  • It has the basic elements of a story: plot, setting, characters, and conflict, to convey its ideas
• Plot


  The sequence of interrelated actions or events that make up a story
• Elements of Plot


  • Exposition
  • Rising Action
  • Climax
  • Falling Action
  • Denouement
• Setting


  Includes the time or period and place where the event happened. Setting also helps create mood or the general feeling of the story
• Characters


  The persons, animals, or any inanimate object that functions as the protagonist, antagonist and other minor entities that perform the actions, speak dialogue and moving the story along a plot line
• Conflict


  The struggle, battle, or disagreement between characters or forces present in the story. Conflict makes the story more exciting as it provides interest, suspense, and tension
• Types of Conflict


  • Internal conflict (Man vs Self)
  • External conflict (Man vs Man, Man vs Society, Man vs Nature, Man vs Technology, Man vs Supernatural)
• Theme


  The central idea or meaning of a story. It is the message that is communicated by a literary work
• Nonfiction


  A literary genre that tells about stories that actually happen in real life
• Nonfiction Sub-Genres


  • Biography
  • Memoir
  • Autobiography
  • Journals
  • Diaries
  • Periodicals
  • References
• Drama


  A script is a written text of a play. It consists of the dialogues or words that will be spoken by the actors and the stage directions which give instructions about the position and movement of the actors and other aspects of the set
• Technical Elements of Drama

  • Scenery set
  • Make-up
  • Costumes
  • Lights
  • Sound