Phylogenetic Analysis

• Phylogenetic Tree (Dendrogram)


  used to represent evolutionary relationships among organisms
• Characters


  morphological or molecular features that are mostly genetically determined and are heritable
• Plesiomorphy

  earlier or ancestral state of character, original/primitive condition
• Symplesiomorphy

  shared ancestral state condition
• Apomorphy

  late/descendant state
• Synapomorphy


  shared changed condition
• Autapomorphy


  unique characteristic of lineage
• Ingroup

  groups of closely related species
• Outgroup


  related to the ingroup but is not part of the assortment/taxon
• Sister group


  first outgroup closely related to the ingroup
• Monophyletic


  can be removed from the tree with a single cut
• Paraphyletic


  includes the common ancestor but not all of the descendants
• Polyphyletic

  does not include the common ancestor of the group
• Identify the type of characters shown in each diagram

  A) Apomorphy

  B) Synapomorphy

  C) Autapomorphy

  D) Plesiomorphy

  E) Symplesiomorphy

  
• Identify the cladistics group shown

  A) paraphyletic

  B) polyphyletic

  C) monophyletic

  
• Crown group


  all living descendants together w/ any fossils
• Stem group

  only includes the extinct species- not in crown group- but are more closely related to the crown group than any other
• Total group


  constitutes both the crown and stem groups constitute the total group.
• Character Data Matrix

  list of all organisms and their characters
• Law of Parsimony

  the best reconstruction is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes