Bea

• Foundation


  Describes as that provides support to something
• Special education


  The practice of educating students with special needs in a way that addresses their individual differences
• Inclusive education


  Different and diverse students learning side by side in the same classroom
• Inclusion (in education)


  An approach in educating students with special needs
• Barriers/Factors affecting the foundation of special and inclusive education

  • Negative attitudes
  • Physical barriers in school
  • Rigid curriculums
  • Unprepared teachers
  • Language issues
• Negative attitudes


  Negative attitudes towards differences result in discrimination and can lead to a serious barrier to learning
• Physical barriers in school

  The vast majority of centers of learning are physically inaccessible to many learners, especially to those who have physical disabilities
• Rigid curriculums


  In any education system, the curriculum is one of the major obstacles or tools to facilitate the development of a more inclusive system
• Unprepared teachers


  Teacher's abilities and attitudes can be major limitations for inclusive education
• Language issues


  Teaching and learning often takes place through a language which is not the first of some learners
• RA 11650 Act of instituting a policy of inclusion and services for learners with disabilities in support in inclusive education
• This law states that all public schools nationwide are required to identify learners with special needs and provide these learners with free basic and quality education
• This law also mandates that all cities and municipalities have at least one inclusive learning resource center (ILRC)
• Inclusive Learning Resource Center (ILRC)


  A physical or virtual center that provides teaching and learning support through appropriate, accessible and gender-sensitive materials
• Disability


  A condition that makes it difficult for a person to do certain activities
• Hearing defect


  A hearing defect or hearing loss can happen when any part of the ear is not working in the usual way. Signs include speech delay, unclear speech, and not following directions
• Eyesight problems


  • Age-related macular degeneration
  • Astigmatism
  • Cataract
  • Myopia
  • Glaucoma
• Autism


  ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts. Examples include autistic disorder, Asperger's syndrome, PDD-NOS, CDD, Rett syndrome, and sensory processing disorder
• Special needs


  A challenge that interferes with one's learning and requires support that goes beyond the norm
• Special education


  A set of services provided to students who experience exceptional learning needs, governed by federal law (IDEA)
• Characteristics of a teacher in special education

  • Ability to adapt
  • Collaboration skills
  • Heightened communication skills
  • Compassion
  • Assessment skills
  • Practical and theoretical knowledge
  • Excellent listening skills
  • Creative organizational skills
  • Patience
  • Perseverance
  • Professional work ethic
  • Trustworthiness
• Educators who choose special education as their focus have an incredible responsibility to their students and communities
• Amendment


  The act of amending or correcting, a statement that is added to or revises or improves a proposal or document
• The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, also known as Public Law 94-142, is the original law from which the 1986 amendments stemmed
• The amendments to the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, Public Law No. 99-457, were enacted on October 8, 1986 and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan
• Key amendments include


  • Expansion of services
  • Statewide systems
  • Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs)
  • Transition services
• Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989
• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)


  A landmark piece of legislation in the United States that ensures students with disabilities have access to a free and appropriate public education
• Key components of IDEA

  • Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
  • Individualized Education Program (IEP)
  • Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
  • Parental participation
  • Procedural safeguards
  • Transition services
  • Evaluation and eligibility
• The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was originally enacted in 1975 as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) and has been reauthorized several times since then, with the most recent reauthorization in 2004
• The amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Public Law No 105-17, were approved on June 4, 1997
• Disabilities covered under IDEA

  • ADHD
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Other special educational needs
• The Equality Act of 2010 guidance for schools states that a person has a disability if they have a physical or mental impairment which has a long term and substantial adverse effect on their ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities
• Direct discrimination


  Occurs when we treat a person less favourably than others because of their disability
• Indirect discrimination


  Indirect disability discrimination in schools arises when you apply a policy or practice in the same way to everyone, but it puts pupils with a disability at a disadvantage
• Article 23 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child refers to the obligation of States parties and recognizes that a child with mental or physical disabilities is entitled to enjoy a full and decent-life, in conditions that ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child's active participation in the community
• Auditory impairment


  Hearing Impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing with or without amplification, affecting their educational performance
• Types of hearing loss

  • Conductive
  • Sensorineural
  • Mixed
• Structural-functionalist


  Focuses on structure in society and structures are considered to interact with each other so that each performs some positive function
• Pedro Ponce de Leon of Spain in the late 1500 BC was perhaps the first to demonstrate that the deaf can be taught and they are capable of learning