NRG 105 HEART AND PERIPHERAL VESSELS

• Cardiovascular System


  Aka Circulatory System, an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body
• Functions of the Cardiovascular System

  • Provide nourishment
  • Help in fighting diseases
  • Stabilize temperature and pH
  • Maintain homeostasis
• Components of the Cardiovascular System

  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • About 5 liters of blood
• Heart


  A muscular pump that forces blood through a system of vessels made of arteries, veins and capillaries
• The heart is located in the mediastinum, positioned obliquely between the lungs

  
• Mediastinum


  The central compartment of the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and other thoracic viscera

  
• Precordium


  The area of the chest wall overlying the heart

  
• Layers of the Heart

  • Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium

  
• Chambers and Internal Anatomy of the Heart

  • Right Atrium
  • Right Ventricle
  • Left Atrium
  • Left Ventricle
  • Interatrial septum
  • Interventricular septum

  
• Heart Valves


  • Atrioventricular Valves (Tricuspid, Bicuspid/Mitral)
  • Semilunar Valves (Pulmonic, Aortic)
  • Chordae Tendinae
• Components of the Heart's Conduction System

  • Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
  • Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
  • Bundle of His/Atrioventricular Bundle
  • Left and Right Bundle Branches
  • Purkinje Fibers
• Arrhythmia


  Abnormal heart rhythm
• Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)


  A procedure that measures electrical signals in the heart
• Cardiac Cycle


  The filling and emptying of the heart chambers
• Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

  • Atrial Systole
  • Ventricular Systole
  • Atrial Diastole
  • Ventricular Diastole
• Cardiac Output


  The volume of blood pumped by either ventricle per minute
• Stroke Volume


  The volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts
• Heart Rate


  The number of times the heart contracts per minute
• Points of Auscultation


  • Aortic Area
  • Pulmonic Area
  • Erb's Point
  • Mitral (Apical) Area
  • Tricuspid Area
• The S1 heart sound (lubb) occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole and results from closure of the AV valves
• The S2 heart sound (dubb) occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole and results from closure of the semilunar valves
• S3 (Ventricular Gallop)


  Occurs just after S2 when the mitral valve opens, allowing passive filling of the left ventricle
• S4 (Atrial Gallop)


  Occurs during active LV filling when atrial contraction forces blood into a noncompliant LV
• Blood Vessels


  Tubular structures carrying blood through the tissues and organs, including veins, arteries, and capillaries
• Functions of Blood Vessels

  • Carry blood
  • Exchange nutrients, waste products and gases
  • Transport substances
  • Help regulate blood pressure
  • Direct blood flow to the tissues
• Arteries


  Carry blood away from the heart and transport oxygenated blood
• Capillaries


  Extremely small blood vessels located within the body tissues where gas, nutrient, and fluid exchange occurs
• Veins


  Carry blood towards the heart
• Varicose Veins


  Swollen, twisted veins that can be seen just under the skin, caused by weakened valves or vein walls
• The carotid arteries and jugular veins in the neck are assessed to evaluate the integrity of the heart muscle

  
• Edema


  Occurs when too much fluid moves from the intravascular space to the interstitial space
• Pulse


  The rhythmic dilation of an artery that results from the beating of the heart
• Peripheral Pulses


  • Temporal
  • Carotid
  • Brachial
  • Radial
  • Femoral
  • Popliteal
  • Dorsalis Pedis
  • Posterior Tibial
• Doppler Ultrasound


  A medical imaging technique that uses sound waves to visualize blood flow