physcial education

• Cranium


  Flat bone that protects the skull
• Tendons


  Attach muscle to bone
• Ligament


  Attaches a bone to a bone
• Flexion


  Decrease in the size of the angle at a joint e.g. bicep curl
• Extension


  Increase in the size of the angle at a joint e.g. throwing a ball
• Adduction


  Movement of a body part towards the body e.g. forehand shot in tennis
• Abduction


  Movement of a body part away from the body e.g. backhand shot in tennis
• Hinge Joint


  Examples include elbow and the knee. Flexion and extension can occur here.
• Ball and socket joint


  Examples include the hip and shoulder. Abduction, adduction and rotation can take place here.
• Synovial Membrane


  Produces synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid


  Provides lubrication at a joint
• Dorsiflexion


  Pointing the toes up at the ankle e.g. passing a ball in football.
• Plantar flexion


  Pointing the toes down at the ankle e.g. diving from a board
• Rotation


  Movement around an axis in a circular motion e.g. bowling in cricket.
• Bursae


  Sacks of fluid at a joint that reduce friction
• Cartilage


  Prevents friction/bones rubbing together, acts as a shock absorber to allow easier movement
• Joint capsule


  Encloses/supports the joint
• Concentric Contraction


  When the muscle contracts and shortens e.g. when when bending the elbow the biceps is the agonist
• Isometric Contraction


  When the muscle contracts but stays the same length e.g. tug of war, planking
• Eccentric contraction


  When the muscle lengthens (relaxes) e.g. when bending the elbow, the antagonist is the tricep which lengthens
• Agonist (prime mover)


  The prime mover or agonist is the muscle which initially contracts to start the movement e.g. biceps during a dumbbell curl.
• Antagonist


  The muscle that relaxes to allow the movement to take place e.g. triceps during a dumbbell curl.
• Shape


  Function of the skeleton that provides the body with structure. Short bones enable fine movement an long bones enable gross movements.
• Protection


  Function of the skeleton, flat bones protect the body e.g. cranium protects the brain.
• Support


  Function of the skeleton where muscles and bones are kept in place supported by the skeleton.
• Mineral Storage


  Function of the skeleton where the mineral calcium helps with bone formation.
• Movement


  Function of the skeleton where different types of joints allow different types of movement, muscles and bones work together to pull.
• Blood production


  Function of the skeleton where red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of long bones.
• Talus


  Found at the ankle
• Scapula


  Shoulder blade
• Humerus


  Long bone found in the arm
• Femur and Tibia


  Long bones found in the lower leg
• Radius and ulna


  Long bones found in the lower arm
• Rib cage


  Flat bone that protects vital organs such as the lungs, heart
• Vertebrae


  Protects the spinal cord
• Patella


  Knee cap
• Pelvis


  Flat bone at the hips
• Sternum


  Flat bone also know as the chest bone
• Biceps and Triceps


  Biceps are found on the front of the arm, triceps are found at the back of the arm. Used in movements such as throwing.
• Hamstrings and Quadriceps


  Hamstrings are found at the top back of the leg, quadriceps are found at the front of the thigh. Used in running and kicking.