Earthquakes

• Crust


  Outermost layer of Earth containing soil and rock
• moho


  Separates the crust from the next layer beneath it
• Mantle


  Inner part of Earth containing hot rocks which are partly melted and very elastic
• Asthenosphere


  Exhibits plastic behavior allowing the solid lithosphere on top to move like a raft floating on water
• Core


  Innermost much denser or conpacted layer because of the weight of all the rocks above it
• Tectonic plates


  Broken into pieces of different sizes and shapes
• Plate boundaries


  Areas where two plates meet
• Convergent boundaries


  Areas where two plates push against each other
• Anticline


  Raised sections that become towering mountains
• Syncline


  Lower sections that becomes valleys
• Divergent boundaried


  Plates move away from each other and gaps from between the plates
• Transformed boundaries


  Plates slowly slide past each other
• Fault


  Zone of fracture between two blocks of rock
• Uplift


  Rising of Earth’s crust
• Subsidence


  Sinking of Earth’s crust
• Thrust


  Sideways movement of rock layers
• Tension, compression ,shearing


  3 main forced of movements of plates
• Earthquakes


  Occur where two plates are running into or sliding past each other along faults
• Seismology


  Study of earthquakes
• Seismologists


  Scientist that study earthquakes
• Focus or hypocenter


  Point within the earth where an earthquake starts
• epicenter


  Point on Earth’s surface which is directly above the focus where earthquakes shake
• Seismic waves


  Spread out from focus and epicenter
• Wave


  Push that moves in all direction
• Rayleigh waves


  Waves that shake or vibrate up and down
• Love waves


  Waves that shake vibrstes the ground side to side
• Surface waves


  Responsible for the dmg that occur during earthquake
• Body waves


  Waves that travels to Earth’s interior and can be detected to reporting stations
• Push waves


  also called primary waves since they travel through all states of matter at an average speed of 8 km per second
• Secondary wave


  Waves that travels through the Earth by displacing rocks at right angle to their direction of travel
• torsional wave


  comes from s-wave that consist of a twisting disturbance through the Earth.
• seismography


  Study the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes
• Intensity


  Earthquake’s strength
• Magnitude


  amount of energy released at the focus of a quake
• Richter magnitude scale


  Developed by Charles Richter and each number indicates a magnitude ten times greater than the number below
• Ground ruptures


  Occurs when the earthquake movement along a fault breaks the Earth’s surface
• Liquefaction


  Occurs when sediments such as sand,temporarily loses its strengtg and causes the soul to lose its solidity and therefore liquefies