paper 2

• oxygenated blood leaves the left side of the heart through the aorta which branches into arteries
• blood carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide
• the heart is the main pump that circulates blood around the body
• A learned action or behaviour with the intention of by producing pre-determined results with maximum certainty.


  What is the definition of a Skill?See an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• An inherited, stable trait that determines an individual's potential to learn or acquire a skill.


  What is the definition of Ability?
• Distinguishing qualities or characteristics belonging to a person.


  What is the definition of a Trait?
• Basic (simple skill) - Complex (advanced skill)

  Open (environmentally effected) - Closed (not environmentally effected)

  Self paced (you start) - Externally paced (opponent starts)

  Gross (big movements) - Fine (small precise movements)


  What are the 4 classifications of skill?
• Performance Goals - targets that the person wants to achieve based on their performance.

  Outcome Goals - target focussed on the result / winning


  What are the definitions of the 2 types of goals?
• S - specific = to the sport, muscles or movements used

  M - measurable = be possible to see its been completed

  A - accepted = able to be accepted by coach, etc.

  R - realistic = be possible to complete

  T - time bound = must cover a certain period of time


  What are the SMART targets?
• Input

  Decision-making

  Output

  Feedback


  What are the 4 stages of Information Processing?
• Intristic feedback - performer themselves like feelings.

  Kinaesthetic feedback - physical sensations generated by a movement which provide a form of intristic feedback.

  Extrinstic feedback - information from other people.


  What are the 3 types of Feedback?
• Visual

  Verbal

  Manual

  Mechanical


  What are the 4 types of guidance?
• Useful for all level of performers

  Able to see what is required

  The specifics can be observed

  Can be copied easily


  Advantages of Visual guidance
• Demonstration must be of a good quality

  Some skills are to complex to demonstrate

  Performers have to concentrate properly


  Disadvantages of Visual guidance
• Useful for higher-level performers

  Good for highlighting key points

  Quick and easy


  Advantages of Verbal guidance
• Can lead to information overload

  Can be boring

  May be hard to hear

  Complex things can be difficult to explain

  Disadvantages of Verbal guidance
• Advantages:

  Good for dangerous skills

  Good for gaining confidence

  Disadvantages:

  Equipment could be expensive

  Performer can rely on the equipment


  Advantages and Disadvantages of Mechanical guidance
• Advantages:

  Good for complete beginners

  Good to develop the correct feel

  Disadvantages:

  May not feel they are doing the skill themselves

  Can be frowned upon


  Advantages and Disadvantages of Manual guidance
• A physical and mental state of alertness / readiness

  Increasing performance = Y axis

  Increasing arousal = X axis


  What is on the axis of the inverted-U theory?

  What is the definition of Arousal?

  
• Deep-breathing

  Positive self talk

  Mental imagery


  What are the 3 ways to manage arousal?
• Aimed directly at other players and involves physical contact.

  E.g. punching someone in boxing to win the match


  What is the definition of direct aggression?
• An aggressive act that does not involve direct contact. It is taken out on an object in order to gain an advantage.

  E.g. smashing the shuttlecock really hard to win a point.

  What is the definition of indirect aggression?
• Introverts - quiet, shy personality usually associated with individual sports (e.g. marathon running)

  Extroverts - sociable, active, talkative personality usually involved in team sports (e.g. football, rugby, etc.)


  What are Introverts and Extroverts?
• Intrinsic motivation - drive fro succeed from within

  Extrinsic motivation - drive to perform well or to win from external sources.


  What is Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation?
• Gender, ethnicity (race/religion/culture), age, disability, family, friends and peers


  What affects people participation in sport?
• Women and girls are often portrayed as being the "weaker sex".

  Male dominated sports like football, rugby, cricket has only just started to see a surge in female players.

  Female sports at an elite level is less likely to receive as much tv coverage and less money.

  They may also have children, have to cook, clean, etc.


  Why does gender affect participation in sport?
• A person someone looks up to by others.

  What is the definition of a role model?
• Often associated with sports that represent their ethnic background (e.g. Indians playing cricket).

  Some religion makes people fast and is hard to perform on such a low energy level.


  Why does ethnicity affect participation in sport?
• Flexibility decrease, weight often increases.

  Weight training isn't recommended to people younger than 25 as you reach maximal strength at 25.

  Strength often decreases as you get older.

  Tidal volume + stroke volume decreases when older.

  Older people are more likely to fall ill and get injuries.

  Skill levels often improve with age.


  Why does age affect participation in sport?
• Families who do sports often are enthusiastic for other family members to do sports.

  Families that aren't interested in sports can influence other family members to not participate.

  Families can encourage participation in sport by providing transport and equipment and becoming a role model.

  Some families aren't financially capable of providing encouragement.

  Why can family affect participation in sport?
• If your peer group involves in that sport then they can influence other peers to participate too.

  If your peer group doesn't participate in sport then they can influence you to stop playing the sport.


  How can friends and peers affect participation in sport?
• A physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term effect on a persons ability to carry out normal daily activities.


  What is the definition of disability?See an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• May not be physically possible for people with a disability to participate.

  Limitation on qualified disabled teachers and coaches.

  Not a lot of sports clubs to join for disabilities.

  Disabled sports don't have a lot publicity (except Paralympics)


  Why does Disability affect participation in sport?
• The exploitation of a person, organisation or activity in order to make a profit.


  What is the definition of commercialisation?
• A diverse range of technologies that acts as a means of mass communication.

  What is the definition of Media?
• Broadcast media (television, radio)

  Print media (newspaper, magazines)

  Outdoor media (billboards at sporting events)

  Internet and Social media (provides access to broadcast and print media)

  What 4 things does the media consist of?
• An individual or group which provides support to an event, activity, person or organisation.

  What is the definition of a sponsor?
• Provision of funds or other forms of support to an event, activity, person or organisation for some kind of commercial return.

  What is the definition of a sponsorship?
• Financial (living, training, competition costs)

  Clothing and equipment (nike clothing / F1 cars)

  Facilities (some facilities are named after companies e.g. Eithad Stadium)


  What are the 3 forms a sponsorship can take?
• Higher wages

  Can become role models

  Money to provide for kit, equipment, facilities, etc.

  Money for better coaches and training programmes.

  Better competition, increasing international status.


  Positive impacts of sponsorships and media on a performer.