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• Geographical hazard maps


  Specialized maps that indicate the hazard susceptibility of areas
• Geologic mapping is vitally important to education, science, business and a wide variety of public policy concerns
• Geologic maps help us assess the likelihood, prepare for, and minimize damage from natural hazards
• Hazard mitigation


  Actions taken to help reduce or eliminate long-term risks caused by hazards or disasters
• Common mitigation actions


  • Enforcement of building codes, floodplain management codes and environmental regulations
  • Public safety measures such as continual maintenance of roadways, culverts and dams
  • Acquisition of relocation of structures, such as purchasing buildings located in a floodplain
  • Acquisition of undeveloped hazard prone lands to ensure no future construction occurs there
  • Retrofitting of structures and design of new construction, such as elevating a home or building
  • Protecting critical facilities and infrastructure from future hazard events
  • Planning for hazard mitigation, emergency operations, disaster recovery, and continuity of operations
  • Development and distribution of outreach materials related to hazard mitigation
  • Deployment of warning systems to alert and notify the public
• Hazard Mitigation Plan Revision Process

  1. Organize Resources & Build the Planning Team

  2. Develop the Plan's Risk Assessment

  3. Assess Capabilities

  4. Develop the Mitigation Strategy

  5. Determine Plan Maintenance Process

  6. Obtain Mitigation Plan Approval and Adoption
• Hydrometeorological hazards


  Caused by extreme meteorological and climate events, such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, or landslides
• Hydrometeorology


  A branch of meteorology and hydrology that studies the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere
• Typhoon


  A low-pressure area rotating counter-clockwise and containing rising warm air that forms over warm water in the Western Pacific Ocean
• Thunderstorm


  A weather condition that produces lightning and thunder, heavy rainfall from cumulonimbus clouds and possibly a tornado
• Flash flood


  An event that occurs within a short period of time, generally WITHIN 6 hours following the END of the causative event (such as heavy rains, ice jams, or dam breaks) which result in fatalities, injuries, and/or significant damage to property
• Flood


  An overflow of water onto normally dry land. It is an event that occurs after 6 hours following the end of the causative event (rains, ice jam, dam breaks) which results in fatalities, injuries, and/or significant damage to property
• Storm Surge


  A rise of seawater above normal sea level on the coast, generated by the action of weather elements such as cyclonic wind and atmospheric pressure
• El Niño


  The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific
• La Niña


  The cold phase of ENSO and El Niño as the warm phase of ENSO
• What to do before a disaster

  • Have emergency kits and survival packs prepared
  • Store food and clean water enough for three days
  • Prepare candles, flashlights and extra batteries in case the power goes out
  • Listen to the radio or watch TV for news updates
• What to do during a disaster


  • Stay indoors and listen to the news for weather updates and flood warnings
  • If you need to evacuate, stay calm. Close the windows turn off the main electricity switch and bring your survival kit
• What to do after a disaster

  • Return home only after authorities have deemed the area safe
  • Check your surroundings for damaged electrical cables and fallen posts. Report these to the authorities
• Hazard


  Any source that can cause harm or damage to humans, property or the environment
• Examples of hydrometeorological hazards

  • Tropical cyclones (typhoons and hurricanes)
  • Thunderstorms
  • Hailstorms
  • Tornados
  • Blizzards
  • Heavy snowfall
  • Avalanches
  • Coastal storm surges
  • Floods including flash floods
  • Drought
  • Heatwaves
  • Cold spells
• Barograph


  A barometer with a writing arm that records barometric pressure, which rises and falls on a revolving scroll of paper
• Thermograph


  An instrument that measures and records both temperature and humidity
• Ceiling light projector


  An instrument that project light beam to the clouds
• Clinometer


  An instrument that determines the height of the cloud base by measuring the distance of the cloud base to the ground
• Ceiling balloon


  Also called a pilot ballot or pibal, a balloon filled with hydrogen or other gas lighter than air, which is used to determine the height of the cloud base of clouds above ground level during daylight hours
• 1. inch Raingauge


  So called because the inside diameter of the collector is exactly 8 inches above a funnel that conducts rain into a cylindrical measuring tube or receiver
• Theodolite


  An instrument that determines wind speed and direction. It is attached to a hydrogen-filled pilot balloon and is allowed to float in the atmosphere at different heights to reach its different levels
• Sling Psychrometer


  Consists of a dry and wet-bulb thermometer. The term bulb refers to that portion of the glass tube where the mercury is stored
• Radiosonde


  A small instrument package that is suspended below balloon filled with either hydrogen or helium, used to measure temperature, pressure, and relative humidity in the atmosphere
• Fire triangle


  Oxygen, heat, and fuel
• Fire tetrahedron


  Oxygen, heat, fuel, and the chemical reaction
• Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products
• At a certain point in the combustion reaction, called the ignition point, flames are produced
• Flames consist primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen and nitrogen
• The 6 types and classes of fire


  • Each type of fire should be attacked in a different way
• Fire can be devastating, burning, injuring and even killing people, damaging buildings and equipment and interrupting business activities
• Fire prevention is the best way to make sure that fire doesn't impact you or your business
• Ignition point


  Point in the combustion reaction where flames are produced
• Flames


  Visible portion of the fire, consisting primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen and nitrogen
• Plasma


  Ionized gases that may be produced if the flames are hot enough