English 10 Long Test

• Logic – is the use and study of valid reasoning.
• Fallacies of Distraction - threatening an opponent if they dont agree with you
• Fallacies of ambiguity - assuming that what is true of whole must be true of the parts
• Fallacies of form - assuming that a temporal sequence proves a causal relationship (false cause)
• Ad hominem - attempts to invalidate an opponent’s

  position based on a personal trait or fact about the opponent rather than through logic.
• Red herring - an attempt to shift the topic of debate by introducing an irrelevant point
• Ad ignorantiam - The truth of the claim is based on the lack of evidence against it.
• Ad misericordiam - happens when people argue for special treatment based on their need.
• Ad populum - The truth of the claim is based on its popularity
• Slippery slope - it is when the arguer claims a specific event will happen starting from one starting point.
• Hasty generalization - a statement based on only considering few examples instead of extensive research.
• Anecdotal Evidence Fallacy - People base their arguments on their own experiences.
• Straw Man Fallacy - It is when your opponent argues against a position you arent even trying to rpesent.
• False Dilemma - It is when only two options exists.
• Ignoring the evidence - It is when you dont want to consider things because of fear that they'll produce more work.
• Non Sequitur - refers to any claim that does not follow from its premise
• Poisoning the well - It is when arguers poison the well by discrediting an opponent or opposing view in advance.
• Fallacy of accent - It relies mostly on vocal emphasis
• Argumentum ad consequentiam - Concluding that an idea or proposition is true or false because the consequences of it being true or false are desirable or undesirable.
• Argumentum ad crumenam - Concluding that the truth value of the argument is true or false based on the financial status of the author of the argument or the money value associated with the truth.
• Argumentum ad novitatem - Claiming that something that is

  new or modern is superior to the status quo, based

  exclusively on its newness.
• Argumentum ad verecundiam - an appeal to unqualified authority
• Affirming the consequent - happens when someone incorrectly assumes that if an outcome is a true statement, then a specific cause must also be true.
• Fallacy of amphiboly - The use of sentences in which it can be interpreted in multiple ways
• Anthropomorphic Fallacy - is our

  tendency to attribute human emotions and characteristics to

  inanimate objects and aspects of nature, such as plants, animals, or

  the weather.
• consensus gentium - assumiong the it must be OK becaue it was a wise thing in the past. also known as the common understanding of all mankind
• bad seed - its an attempt to discredit evidence based on its origin (genesis)
• Argument of the beard - When one argues that no useful distinction can

  be made between two extremes, just because there is no definable moment

  or point on the spectrum where the two extremes meet.
• Cherry picking fallacy - when you only choose evidence that support your argument but ignore other evidences.
• Contextonomy - Removing a passage from its surrounding

  matter in such a way as to distort its intended meaning.
• Fallacy of Equivocation,“calling two different things by the

  same name,”
• is-ought fallacy - when the assumption is made that because things

  are a certain way, they should be that way.
• Abstract - A clear concise summary of the study that communicates the essential information about the study.
• Data - This refers to units of information, statistics, facts, evidence, knowledge gathered.
• Variables - qualitative, quantitative, and characteristics that can vary.
• Dependent variables - variables that change as the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher. sometimes called the criterion variables
• Independent variables - these are variables that are purposely manipulated or changed by the researcher these are also called manipulated variables.
• Demographic variables - The characteristics attributes of the study

  subjects are considered demographic variables,

  for example, age, gender, educational status,

  religion, social class, marital status, habitat,

  occupation, income, medical diagnosis, so on.
• Operational definition - The way by which a researcher clarifies

  defines the variables under investigation.
• Concept - A word picture or mental idea of phenomenon.

  Concepts are words or terms that symbolize some

  aspects of reality. (Stress, Love, Pain) These are building blocks of theories.