Reproductive

• Reproductive system - Play an important roles in the development of the structural and functional differences between male and female
• Homeostasis- equilibrium and balance
• Zygote- Single cell resulting from fusion of sperm nucleus and egg nucleus at fertilization

  *after fertilization
• Blastocyst(blastula) - Ball of cells with surface layer, fluid-filled cavity, and inner cell mass
• Embryo- Individual from the completion of implantation (2 weeks) until the end of week 8.
• Newborn- Individual during the first two weeks after birth.
• Infant- Individual from two weeks to fifteen months.
• Child- Individual from infancy to about twelve years.
• Pubescent- Individual at puberty, when secondary sexual traits develop
• Adolescent- Individual from puberty until adulthood
• Adult- Begins between 18 and 25 years; bone formation and growth cease. Changes proceed slowly after this.
• Old age- Aging processes result in tissue deterioration.
• Female reproductive system:

  *Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands & associated structures

  *Produce oocytes and is the site of fertilization & fetal development

  *Produces milk for the newborn

  *Produce hormones that influence sexual function & behaviors
• Male reproductive system:

  *Testes, accessory structures, ducts & penis

  *Produce & transfers sperm cells to the female & produces hormones that influence sexual functions & behaviors.
• Formation of sex cell:

  The testes in males and ovaries in females produce sex cells or gametes
• Scrotum- saclike structure containing the testes

  *Divided into lobules containing the seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells
• Epididymis- coiled tube system, located on the testis, that is the site of sperm maturation

  *Final changes called capacitation of sperm cells, occur after ejaculation

  *The seminiferous tubules lead to the rete testis
• Vas deferens- Passes from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity

  *ejaculatory duct is formed by the joining of the ductus deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle. Joins the prostatic urethra in the prostate gland
• Spermatogenesis- the process of sperm production in the testes.

  seminiferous tubules>Sertoli cells nourish the sperm cells>Spermatogonia divide to form primary spermatocyte>divide by meiosis to first produce secondary spermatocytes and then spermatids>The spermatids then mature to form sperm cells>head, midpiece, flagellum>acrosome, nucleus
• Erection- erectile tissue with blood causes the penis to enlarge and become firm
• Corpus spongiosum- forms the ventral portion and the glans penis, and encloses the spongy urethra.
• Prepuce- covers the glans penis.
• Seminal vesicle- consisting of many saclike structures located next to the ampulla of the ductus deferens
• Prostate gland- glandular and muscular tissue and empties the urethra
• Bulbourethral Gland- cowper's glands are a pair of small mucus-secreting glands
• Secretions:

  Semen- is a mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands.

  Prostate fluid- contains nutrients and proteolytic enzymes, and it neutralizes the pH of the vagina.
• Testosterone- Causes enlargement of the genitals and is necessary for spermatogenesis
• Emission - movement of sperm cells mucus, prostatic secretions, and seminal vesicle secretion into the prostatic, membranous and spongy urethra
• Ovaries- small organs suspended in the pelvic cavity by ligaments

  *contains an oocyte
• Uterine tubes- fallopian tube

  Flimbriae- Opening of each uterine tube is surrounded by long, thin processes
• Fertilization- usually occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube, which is near the ovary
• Uterus- pear-shaped organ. The uterine cavity and the cervical canal
• Fundus- Part of the uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine tube
• wall of the uterus consists of the perimetrium or serous layer, the myometrium (smooth muscle), and endometrium (uterine lining)
• Vagina- female organ of copulation and function to receive the penis during intercourse
• Vagina: inner lining of moist stratified squamous epithelium
• Hymen- covers the vestibular opening
• External genitilia- Also called Vulva, or Pudendum, consists of the vestibule
• Vestibule- is the space into which the vagina and urethra open
• CLITORIS- a small erectile structure, is composed of erectile tissue and contains many sensory receptors