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biology paper 2
inheritance, variation and evolution
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Meiosis
The formation of
four non-identical
cells from one cell
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Mitosis
The formation of
two identical
cells from one
cell
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Sexual reproduction
Joining of male and female
gametes
, each containing
genetic
information from the mother or father
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Gametes
Sperm
and
egg
cells in animals
Pollen
and
egg
cells in flowering plants
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Gametes
are formed by
meiosis
, as they are non identical
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A normal cell has
46
chromosomes, in
23
pairs, one from each parent
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Each gamete has 23 chromosomes and they fuse in fertilisation
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The genetic information from each parent is mixed, producing variation in the offspring
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Asexual reproduction
One parent with no
gametes
joining, using
mitosis
to form two identical cells
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Asexual reproduction leads to clones, which are genetically identical to each other and the parent
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Organisms that reproduce asexually
Bacteria
Some
plants
Some
animals
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Meiosis
Cell makes copies of
chromosomes
, divides into two cells with half the chromosomes, then divides again to form four genetically different
gametes
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Gametes with 23 chromosomes join at fertilisation to produce a cell with 46 chromosomes
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The cell divides by
mitosis
to produce many copies, forming an embryo which then undergoes
differentiation
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Advantages of sexual reproduction
Produces
variation
in offspring
Allows
selective
breeding
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Advantages of asexual reproduction
Only
one
parent needed
Uses less
energy
and is
faster
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Organisms using both sexual and asexual reproduction
Malarial
parasites
Some
fungi
Some
plants
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DNA
The
genetic
material in the nucleus of a cell, a polymer made up of two strands in a
double helix
structure
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Gene
A small section of
DNA
on a chromosome that codes for a specific
protein
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Genome
All the
genes
coding for all of the
proteins
within an organism
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The whole human
genome
has now been studied, improving understanding of genes linked to disease and
human migration
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Nucleotide
A small part of DNA, made up of a
sugar
,
phosphate
and one of four organic bases
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A and T bases, and C and
G
bases, form complementary base pairs in the DNA
double helix
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Protein synthesis
DNA in nucleus transcribed to mRNA, mRNA transported to
ribosomes
, amino acids brought to ribosomes and joined to form
protein
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Mutation
A change in the sequence of
bases
in
DNA
, can be an insertion, deletion or substitution
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Most mutations do not alter the
protein
or only do so slightly, but some can have a serious effect on the protein
structure
and function
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Gamete
An organism's
reproductive
cell, with
half
the normal number of chromosomes
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Chromosome
A structure in the
nucleus
made up of a long strand of
DNA
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Gene
A short section of
DNA
that codes for a
protein
, contributing to a characteristic
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Allele
The different forms of a
gene
, humans have
two
alleles for each gene
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Dominant
allele
Only
one
is needed to be
expressed
and observed
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Recessive allele
Two
copies are needed to be expressed and
observed
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Homozygous
Both
inherited alleles
are the same
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Heterozygous
One
inherited
allele is dominant, the other is
recessive
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Genotype
The combination of
alleles
an individual has
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Phenotype
The
physical characteristics
that are observed in the individual
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Homozygous
When both inherited alleles are the same (i.e. two dominant alleles or two recessive alleles)
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Heterozygous
When one of the
inherited
alleles is dominant and the other is
recessive
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Genotype
The
combination
of
alleles
an individual has, e.g. Aa
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Phenotype
The
physical
characteristics that are observed in the individual, e.g. eye
colour
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