21st century reviewer

• Literature


  The total of preserved writing belongings to a given language or people
• Literature


  The total of preserved writing belongings to a given language or people
• Literature


  Writings which interpret the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched with the personality of the author, in artistic forms of permanent interest
• Literature


  The written record of man's best thoughts and feelings
• Literature


  The written or printed productions of the human mind collectively, which deals with themes of permanent and universal interest, characterized by creativeness and grace of expression, as poetry, as fictions, essay, etc.
• Types of Literature

  • Oral Literature
  • Written Literature
• Oral Literature


  Literature of the ancient times, preserved and handed down from one generation to another by word of mouth
• Written Literature


  Literature that gets its form from the use of the pen by literary genius, likely to be permanent in form because once written, it remains as is
• Reasons why people write


  • For self expression
  • To spread knowledge and information
  • To pass on ideas and values
  • To impart truth, accuracy and evaluation
• Characteristics of great literature (Literary standards)

  • Permanence
  • Universality
  • Artistry
  • Intellectual value
  • Spiritual value
  • Style
  • Suggestiveness
• Prose


  A discourse that follows the usual flow of conversation which uses sentences forming paragraphs to express ideas, feelings and actions
• Divisions of Prose

  • Fiction
  • Non-Fiction
• Types of Fiction


  • Short story
  • Novel
  • Play
  • Legend
  • Fable
• Types of Non-Fiction


  • Essay
  • Oration
  • Biography
  • Autobiography
  • News
  • Letters
  • Diaries and Journals
• Poetry


  The "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings taking its origin from emotion" (William Wordsworth)
• Poetry


  A type of literature that combines the sound and meaning of language to create and express ideas and feelings, using imagery and figurative language
• Types of Poetry


  • Narrative Poetry
  • Dramatic Poetry
  • Lyric Poetry
• Forms of Lyric Poetry


  • Haiku
  • Ode
  • Elegy
  • Sonnet
  • Song
• Imagery


  The sensation that language creates in the mind, words and phrases that appeal to the senses
• Figurative Language


  Makes language more colorful, suggestive, powerful and therefore exciting, the use of words or phrases to stand for an idea, feeling or attitude
• Figures of Speech


  • Simile
  • Metaphor
  • Personification
  • Synecdoche
  • Metonymy
  • Hyperbole
  • Oxymoron
  • Paradox
  • Allusion
  • Irony
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Litotes
  • Apostrophe
  • Alliteration
  • Assonance
  • Consonance
• Purpose of Art


  To express man's feelings about his surroundings, through the means and matter available to him, depending on his style, capability and concept of beauty
• Importance of Literature


  • Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk stories, old plays and short stories
  • Our forefathers also had their own alphabet which was different from the alphabet brought by Spaniards, but similar to that of Malayo-Polynesian alphabet
• Characteristics of Pre-Spanish Literature

  • Legends
  • Folk tales
  • Epics
• Legends


  • Ang alamat ng Mount Makiling
  • Ang alamat ng Pinya
  • Why women wash the dishes
  • Ang alamat ng Olongapo
• Epics


  • Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) of the Ilocanos
  • The Agyu or Olahing of the Manobos
  • Sandayo of the Subanon
• Types of Philippine folk literature

  • Legends
  • Folk tales
  • Epics
  • Myths
  • Folk songs
• Legends


  Stories about the origin of a thing, location or name
• Legends


  • Ang alamat ng Mount Makiling
  • Ang alamat ng Pinya
  • Why women wash the dishes
  • Ang alamat ng Olongapo
• Folk tales


  Stories about life, adventure, love and humor where one can derive lessons about life
• Epics


  Long narrative poems where a series of heroic achievements or events, usually by a hero, are dealt with
• Epics


  • Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang)
  • The Agyu or Olahing
  • Sandayo
• Myths


  Narratives that describe and portray in symbolic language the origin of the basic elements and assumptions of a culture
• Myths


  • Si malakas at si maganda
• Types of Philippine folk songs


  • Kundiman
  • Kumintang
  • Ang Dalit o Imno
  • Ang Oyayi o Hele
  • Soliranin
  • Talindaw
• Other forms of Pre-Spanish Poetry

  • Epigrams (Salawikain)
  • Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan
  • Chant (bulong)
  • Maxims
  • Sayings (Kasabihan)
  • Sawikain (sayings)
• Spanish colonized the Philippines for more than 3 centuries