Con chem

• Cancer


  460-370 BC
• Hippocrates


  Greek doctor, "Father of Medicine"
• Hippocrates


  • Identified non-ulcer forming and ulcer-forming tumors
  • Compared cancer to a crab, due to its finger-like projections
• Carcinos and carcinoma


  Greek terms referring to a crab, due to cancer's crab-like shape
• Celsus


  Roman physician who turned the Greek term into "cancer", the Latin word for crab
• Oncos


  Greek term meaning "swelling", used by Galen to describe tumors
• Cancer is a collection of over 100 distinct diseases
• Cancer


  Cells become cancerous and expand rapidly and uncontrollably
• Tumor


  An irregular growth of tissue resulting from uncontrolled growth of cells
• Tumor


  • Malignant (cancerous) or benign (not cancerous, not life-threatening)
• Genetic mutation


  Cancer starts when the orderly process of cell growth and division is disrupted by genetic changes
• Metastasis


  The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other tissues and organs, often via the bloodstream or lymphatic system
• Cells


  • Damage to DNA can lead to cancer
  • Cells can repair DNA damage, but severe damage can lead to mutations that cause cancer
• Early detection and timely care can lead to more successful treatment of cancer
• Types of cancer


  • Carcinoma (skin or tissue)
  • Sarcoma (tissues that support and connect the body)
  • Leukemia (blood-forming tissues)
  • Lymphoma (lymphatic system)
  • Myeloma (bone marrow)
• Carcinogen


  A cancer-causing compound
• IARC carcinogen classifications


  • Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
  • Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
  • Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
  • Group 3: Not classifiable as to carcinogenicity
  • Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans
• Carcinogenic groups


  • Carcinogenic
  • Group 2A probably carcinogenic
  • Group 2B Possibly carcinogenic
  • Group 3 Carcinogenicity Not classifiable
  • Group 4 Probably not carcinogenic
• Carcinogenic


  • Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity
  • 128 agents; smoking, exposure to solar radiation, alcoholic beverages and processed meats
• Group 2A probably carcinogenic


  • Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals
  • high temperature frying, steroids, exposures working in hairdressing and red meat
• Group 2B Possibly carcinogenic


  • Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals
  • 285 agents; Coffee, gasolines and gasoline engine exhaust, welding fumes and pickled vegetables
• Group 3 Carcinogenicity Not classifiable


  • Evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and limited in experimental animals
  • 505 agents; Tea, Static magnetic fields, fluorescent lighting, polyethene
• Group 4 Probably not carcinogenic


  • Evidence suggest no carcinogenicity experimental in the humans or animals
  • Only one (1) chemical placed in in this group of all substances assessed: Caprolactam, manufacture of synthetic fibres
• Early connection between cancer and a chemical was discovered


  late 1700s
• Carcinogens


  Cancer-causing compounds
• Carcinogens


  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soot
• Exposure to soot, which contains chemicals (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), led to a significant number of chimney sweeps having cancer of the scrotum
• Many more chemicals have been proven or suspected as causes of cancer since then
• Coming into contact with a carcinogen does not mean you are going to get cancer
• Carcinogenic agents


  Increase the risk of developing particular cancer types
• Age


  • All ages can get cancer, older people are at greater risk
• Genetics


  • The history of the family will put you at risk for cancer
  • More at risk for that cancer if you or anyone in the family had a similar type of cancer
  • Breast cancer and colon cancer, genetics plays a major part
• Behaviors


  • Tobacco use and exposure to the sun or other sources of UV radiation are risk factors for cancer
  • A poor diet, lack of exercise, or heavy drinking
• Viruses or bacteria


  • Can trigger certain cancers
  • The human papillomavirus (HPV); cervical cancer, hepatitis B and C viruses, which can cause liver cancer
  • Epstein Barr; lymphoma, are several cancer associated viruses
  • Helicobacter pylori; gastric cancer
• Exposure to chemicals


  • Exposed to chemicals may also be a risk factor
• Radiation


  • Ionizing radiation includes: radon, x-rays, gamma rays, and other forms of high-energy radiation
  • Lower-energy, non-ionizing forms of radiation, such as visible light and the energy from cell phones, not cause cancer in people
• Ionizing radiation


  Wavelengths with enough energy to damage DNA and cause cancer
• UV rays


  Damage the DNA in our skin cells and lead to skin cancer
• Carcinoma


  Cancer that starts in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of internal organs and glands, forming solid tumors
• Carcinoma


  • prostate cancer
  • breast cancer
  • lung cancer
  • colorectal cancer (colon or the rectum)