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Zoo LabExam1
Early Vertebrate Embryogenesis
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Zoo LabExam1 > Early Vertebrate Embryogenesis
6 cards
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Gamete Formation
sperm and eggs form, mature
Fertilization
sperm
and
egg
fuse
Cleavage
zygote
subdivides, determinants partitioned in
blastomeres
Gastrulation
germ layers
form
Organogenesis
body organs form, cells interact, differentiate
Growth
organs increase in size, adult body form attained
Spermatogenesis
1
spermatogonia:
1
primary spermatocyte:
2
secondary spermatocyte:
2
spermatid:
1
spermatozoa
Oogenesis
1 oogonia: 1 primary oocyte: 1 secondary oocyte + polar body: 1 ovum + polar body
Spermatogenesis- starts at onset puberty of males, more differentiated
Oogenesis- fetal stage & after birth, continues when female attained puberty
Types of Yolk Accumulation
fill up the table
A)
microlecithal
B)
little
C)
mesolecithal
D)
moderate
E)
macrolecithal
F)
large
6
Microlecithal
Type of yolk accumulation found in
amphioxus
,
therian
mammals
Mesolecithal
Type of yolk accumulation found in lampreys, bowfins, amphibians, and gars.
Macrolecithal
Type of
yolk
accumulation found in
elasmobranchs
,
teleosts
,
reptiles
,
birds
, and
monotremes
Type of yolk distribution
fill up the table
A)
isolecithal
B)
even
C)
telolecithal
D)
concentrated at one pole
4
Isolecithal
Type of yolk distribution in therian mammals
Telolecithal
Type of
yolk distribution
in
amphibians
,
nontherian craniates
Process of Fertilization
Recognition
and
Acrosomal
Process
Fertilization
Fill the missing words
A)
zona pellucida
B)
hydrolytic enzymes
C)
acrosome
D)
perivitelline space
E)
plasma membrane
F)
nucleus
G)
cortical granules
7
Polyspermy prevented through:
formation of
fertilization
cone
release of
cortical
granules
(block other sperms to enter, solidify fertilization cone)
Gray
crescent
region of
less
pigmented area in the ovuum
after fertilization, the egg divides into two poles:
vegetal
and
animal
pole
Gray
crescent
opposite
to the point of entry of sperm
future
dorsal
(back) side
Parthenogenesis
self division
less male species
during meiosis, gametes divide into 4: one cell becomes egg
-egg (n) fertilized by a polar body= fertilized egg (zygote 2n)
-always female (xx + xx)
Cleavage
rapid cell division
Blastomeres
cells arising from early cleavage division, makes up blastula
Cells in:
early cleavage-
morula
late cleavage-
blastula
Types of cleavage
Radial cleavage- present in
deuterostome
Spiral cleavage- present in
proterostome
Types of Cleavage
Holoblastic
cleavage- cleavage furrow passes from the AP to the VP. two types:
holoblastic
equal
and
holoblastic
unequal
Meroblastic
cleavage- cleavage furrow is slowed, discoidal cleavage, the yolk remains undivided and cleavage restricted at AP
Types of Cleavage and Yolk Accumulation
Fill the table
A)
Holoblastic equal
B)
microlecithal
C)
Holoblastic unequal
D)
mesolecithal
E)
meroblastic
F)
macrolecithal
G)
discoidal
H)
macrolecithal
8
Holoblastic
equal
Type of cleavage found in amphioxus and therian mammals
Holoblastic
unequal
Type of cleavage in lampreys, bowfins, gars, and amphibians
Meroblastic
Type of cleavage found in elasmobranchs, teleost, and fishes
Discoidal
Type of cleavage found in reptiles, birds, and monotremes
Gastrulation
and
Neurulation
initiation of
organ development
-two embryonic process that happens simultaneously
Three distinct germ layers found in Gastrulation
Ectoderm
,
mesoderm
,
endoderm
Rearrangement of cells in gastrulation happens due to
morphogenetic
movements that results from:
active
migration
of cells
size
and
shape
changes
differential
cell
division
rates
Patterns of Gastrulation
A)
invagination
B)
involution
C)
ingression
D)
delamination
E)
epiboly
5
Neurulation
process of forming ectodermal tube or the neural tube
Neural tube
future central nervous system
Two types of Neurulation
Primary
Neurulation -majority of cells
Secondary
Neurulation -other parts of cells
Notochord forms from ____
mesodermal
cells
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