APP 2nd exam

• Related literature


  Discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
• Related study


  Review of as many research studies as possible around a particular research problem/question
• Types of related studies

  • Local (conducted in the Philippines)
  • Foreign (conducted in foreign lands)
• Conceptual framework


  Also called the research paradigm, a visual illustration of the relationship of variables involved in your study
• Theoretical framework


  Dwells on time tested theories that embody the findings of numerous investigations on how phenomena occur
• Conceptual framework


  The researcher's idea on how the research problem will have to be explored, outlines the input, process and output of the whole investigation
• Research methodology


  The practical "how" of any given piece of research, how a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and reliable results
• Aspects of research methodology

  • What data to collect (and what data to ignore)
  • Who to collect it from (sampling design)
  • How to collect it (data collection methods)
  • How to analyze it (data analysis methods)
• Research design


  Well-explained, states the type of technique/s the researcher utilized in the study
• Research environment


  Described briefly and concisely where the research will be conducted
• Research subject/respondents


  Clearly described WHO or WHAT the research is all about
• Research instruments


  Described in detail according to parts, their validation procedures and its qualification
• Sampling


  A process or technique of choosing a sub-group from a population to participate in the study
• Data gathering procedure


  • Provides detailed information about how the data were gathered from where, and from whom, by whom and when
• Data analysis procedure


  • Discusses how the data will be treated and if necessary, discusses its parameter limits
• Random sampling techniques


  • Simple random sampling
  • Fishbowl sampling
  • Lottery sampling
• Non-random sampling techniques


  • Quota sampling
  • Convenience sampling
  • Purposive sampling
• Sample


  The group on which information is obtained, part of the larger population
• Sampling


  The process of selecting the individuals who will participate in a research study
• Qualitative sampling techniques


  • Purposeful sampling
  • Quota sampling
  • Snowball sampling
  • Convenience sampling
• Qualitative data analysis


  Involves the identification, examination, and interpretation of patterns and themes in textual data to determine how they help answer the research questions
• Qualitative data analysis methods


  • Content analysis
  • Narrative analysis
  • Discourse analysis
  • Grounded theory