Cellular structures and basic functions

• Cell Theory

  • All living things are composed of cells and cell products.
  • All biological process happens inside the cell.
  • A single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life. All cells come only from preexisting cells.
• Types of cells based structure

  • prokaryotic
  • eukaryotic
• Venn diagram of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

  
• Structure of cell membrane

  A) lipid bilayer

  B) proteins

  C) phospholipids

  D) transport protein

  E) carbohydrate chains

  
• Cell Diversity

  Over 200 different cell types are found in the human body which vary according to size, shapes, and functions.
• the basic functional unit of life

  cell
• their cohesive function is attributed to each part of the cell called

  organelles
• every living substance inside the cell, including the nucleus

  protoplasm
• every living substance inside the cell, excluding the nucleus

  cytoplasm
• the study of cell dates back from the time it was first discovered in 1647 by


  Robert Hooke
• a single-celled organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

  prokaryotic
• organisms whose cell contains a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane

  eukaryotic
• it provides resistance to bacterias against antibiotics

  peptidoglycan
• little organelles in the cell that have no cell membrane (ribosomes is not included)

  membrane bounded organelles
• Structure of a bacteria cell

  – pili

  – nucleoid

  – ribosomes

  – plasma membrane

  – cell wall

  – capsule

  – flagella
• attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

  pili
• region where the cell's DNA is located (not enclosed by a membrane)

  nucleoid
• organelles that synthesize proteins

  ribosomes
• membrane enclosing the cytoplasm

  plasma membrane
• rigid structure outside the plasma membrane

  cell wall
• jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes

  capsule
• locomotion organelles of some bacteria

  flagella
• powerhouse center of the cell

  mitochondria
• checks, modifies, and packages cell products

  golgi apparatus
• golgi apparatus is made of separate membranes

  cis face, trans face
• lies near the transitional region of the rough ER

  cis face
• lies near the cell membrane

  trans face
• serves as transport or delivers the product of the cell

  vesicles of golgi apparatus
• manufactures cell products

  endoplasmic reticulum
• an organelle without the presence of ribosomes

  smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• an organelle with the presence of ribosomes

  rough endoplasmic reticulum
• carry out protein synthesis

  ribosomes
• it contains pair of centrioles

  centrosomes and the accompanying centrioles
• also known as the "microtubule organizing center"


  centrosomes and the accompanying centrioles
• foundation of the cell and could hold organelles to be in place

  microtubule
• made up of microtubule which is responsible in holding of the centrioles

  centriole
• suicide bag of the cell

  lysosomes
• lysosome breaking down damaged organelles

  autophagy
• contains powerful oxidase enzymes that detoxifies reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals

  peroxisomes
• the primary director of cellular activity and inheritance

  nucleus