lesson 1: matter and its properties

• MATTER - anything that occupies space and has mass
• LIGHT, GRAVITY, and SOUND exist in our universe but it does not contain any mass and occupies space
• MASS is the amount of matter in an object
• WEIGHT - changes because it is affected by gravity
• VOLUME - the amount of space an object takes up
• Volume is measures with a ruler or graduated cylinder
• DENSITY is a measure of how tightly packed atoms are within the substance. Higher = Heavier
• STATES OF MATTER:

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• SOLID - tiny molecules that are joined together without any space. closely packed because of high FoA.
• LIQUID - flowing tiny molecules. slides with each other. has definite volume but does not have a definite shape. has different viscosity.
• GAS - molecules are totally apart from each other. does not have definite volume and shape. molecules go far away from each other
• PLASMA - uncommon state of matter. ionized gas. stars, lightnings, and auroras.
• PHASE CHANGES - refers to changes of a matter depending on how its temperature and pressure is manipulated
• KINETIC - means movement
• KINETEIC ENERGY - enables molecules to move. high kinetic energy = low forces of attraction
• INTERMOLECULAR FORCES SOLID

  • dipole-dipole forces
  • ion-dipole forces
  • dispersion forces
  • hydrogen forces
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - measured or observed without changing the identity of material
• PHYSICAL CHANGE - matter changes form but not chemical identity
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - observed only after chemical change occurs
• CHEMICAL CHANGE - chemical reaction occurs and new products are formed
• PHYSICAL CHANGES

  • Melting
  • Freezing
  • Boiling
  • Condensation
  • Sublimation
  • Deposition
• MELTING - solid to liquid
• FREEZING - liquid to solid
• BOILING - liquid to gas
• CONDENSATION - gas to liquid
• SUBLIMATION - solid to gas
• DEPOSITION - gas to solid
• INTENSIVE PROPERTIES - does not depend on the amount of matter in a sample
• EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES - depend on how much a matter a sample contains
• ELEMENT - substance made up of only one type of atom
• COMPOUND - made up of more than one type of atom that are bonded together covalently or ionic
• MIXTURE - combination of two or more substances that does not combine chemically
• HETEROGENOUS - "hetero" means "different" ; consists of visibly different substances or phases; can be separated through filtering
• HOMOGENOUS - "homo" means "same" ; has the sane uniform appearance and composition throughout
• Homogenous is currently referred as SOLUTIONS
• SOLUTION - mixture of two or more substances that is identical throughout
• SUSPENSION - heterogenous mixture in which solid particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium
• SOLUTE - substance being dissolves ; smallest part of the solution
• SOLVENT - substance that dissolve the solute ; largest part of the solution
• SOLUBLE - substances that dissolves in the water to a significant extent