GE107

• Factors that form language clusters in dialects

  • Social
  • Historical
  • Spatial
• Pidgin


  New language which develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but don't share a common language
• Creole


  Describes a blend of several different languages spoken by a multicultural population into one mutually understood language
• Regional Dialect


  A variety spoken in a particular region
• Minority Dialect


  Variety of language used by members of a particular minority ethnic group as a marker of identity
• Indigenized Varieties


  Spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations
• Language use


  Determined by factors such as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience
• Language use determines the vocabulary, structure and some grammar in one's writing and even in one's oral discourse
• Nordquist, 2018: 'The way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances determined by factors such as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience'
• 5 distinct registers


  • Frozen
  • Formal
  • Consultative
  • Casual
  • Intimate
• Frozen register


  • Style of communication which rarely or never changes
  • Frozen in time and content
  • Language is used in formal settings and is one-way in nature
  • Follows a commonly accepted format
• Consultative register


  • Users engage in a mutually accepted structure of communications
  • Formal and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech
• Casual register


  • Used by peers and friends
  • Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms are normal
• Intimate register

  • Private
  • Reserved for close family members or intimate people
• Simple

  • Present the core of your idea
• Unexpected

  • Grab the attention of your audience, and then hold onto
  • Grab attention with something surprising
  • Hold onto it by stimulating curiosity
• Has the power to build societies, but also tear them down
• Basic functions of language

  • Informative
  • Expressive
  • Directive
• Linguistic


  Scientific study of language
• Syntax


  Grammatical structure of words and phrases to create coherent sentences
• Arrangement or order of words

  Determined by both the writer's style and grammar rules
• Concrete


  • Turn abstract ideas into real examples
• Emotional

  • Ideas will only stick if people believe them
  • People need to care about your idea
  • Stories embed the ideas into our consciousness
• Communication

  The act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another
• Interaction

  Exchange of information, ideas or thoughts between two or more individuals or entities
• Transference

  The act of transferring messages from the sender to the receiver
• Dispensation

  The act of giving or distributing messages from the sender to the receiver
• Language

  Allows us to share our ideas, thoughts and feelings with others
• Receiver


  The person who receives the message and decodes it
• Sender


  The person who initiates the communication process
• Transmission


  Conveys a message through a channel to the receiver
• Verbal


  • Process by which the sender transmits or sends message to its recipient
  • Process of exchange of information or message between two or more persons through written or oral words
  • Encompasses all communication using spoken words or unspoken words as in the case with sign language
  • Includes face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media
• Non-verbal


  • Process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages
  • Includes your tone, facial expressions, body language, hand movements and eye contact
  • Covering body language, gestures, how we dress or act, where we stand and even our scent
• Written


  • Form of verbal communication wherein you communicate through writing
  • Includes letters, e-mails, social media, books, magazines, internet and other media
• Digital Communication


  • Involves leveraging multiple channels and platforms to reach your target audience, including social media, email marketing, digital advertising, content marketing, etc.
  • Uses technology to communicate with other people
• Visual Communication


  • Type of communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or messages
  • Includes slide presentations, diagrams, physical models, drawings and illustrations
• Listening


  Important part of communication and in order to be a great communicator, you must master the art of listening
• Public Speaking


  • A type of face-to-face communication between individuals and an audience
  • Act of performing a speech to a live audience
• High Context


  • Tradition-linked communication system which adheres strongly to being indirect
  • Leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through context, nonverbal cues, and between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said
• Low Context


  • A system that works on straightforward communication
  • Expect messages to be explicit and specific