Prac

• Research design


  Your guide to finish your research
• Approaches in research design

  • Ethnography
  • Case study
  • Phenomenology
  • Historical approach
• Population


  The complete group of people, animals or objects that have the same characteristics that the research needs
• Sample


  A group of individuals that represent the population
• Sampling


  The process of choosing a sample
• Sampling methods


  • Snowball sampling
  • Opportunistic sampling
  • Convenience sampling
• Snowball sampling


  Asking relevant people if they know someone who will be willing to participate in your research
• Opportunistic sampling


  Taking sample or respondents that are readily available
• Convenience sampling


  Selecting people that are the most convenient for you as a researcher
• Data


  All the information that you will gather throughout your research
• Classifications of data based on their use and source

  • Primary data
  • Secondary data
• Primary data


  First-hand information based on actual experiences or observations
• Secondary data


  Data gathered from previous research, audio recordings or books
• Data collection methods

  • Interview
  • Observations
  • Questionnaires
  • Focal group discussion
• Types of interviews

  • Structured interview
  • Unstructured interview
  • Semi-structured interview
• Structured interview


  Has a set of predetermined questions that are ready to use
• Unstructured interview


  No requirement to make a set of premade questions, but rather make an outline of what kind of questions to ask
• Semi-structured interview


  A mix of structured and unstructured interview, with a set of prepared questions but also free to ask follow-up questions
• Types of observations

  • Naturalistic observation
  • Participative observation
  • Non-naturalistic observation
• Naturalistic observation


  Observing the behavior of a group of people in their natural setting
• Participative observation


  The researcher takes part in the activities of the group of people that they are observing
• Non-naturalistic observation


  The researcher takes the respondents out of their natural environment and puts them in an environment of their choice
• Types of questionnaires

  • Close-ended questionnaires
  • Open-ended questionnaires
  • Combination of both
• Close-ended questionnaires


  Similar to a structured interview, with mostly statistically-oriented questions
• Open-ended questionnaires


  Leave a blank space for respondents to give their point of views
• Focal group discussion


  A group of people being interviewed at the same time, with the researcher serving as the moderator or facilitator
• Terms used to express appreciation for recognition of people's ownership of borrowed ideas

  • Acknowledgment
  • References or Bibliography
  • Citation or In-Text-Citation
• Acknowledgment


  The beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed something to produce the paper
• References or Bibliography


  A complete list of all reading materials including books, journals, periodical, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from
• Citation or In-Text-Citation


  References within the main body of the text, especially in Review of Related Literature
• Patterns of Citation


  Citing authors, websites and other research materials have its own styles or patterns
• Summary


  The citation in this case is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or aspect of the text.
• Paraphrase


  This is the antithesis of summary because, here, instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words. In doing so, it is possible that your explanations may decrease or exceed the number of words of the original text.
• Ethnography


  This type of approach to qualitative research aims to study a particular group of people in their natural settings
• Ethnography


  • It describes and interprets the behavior of different kinds of people, culture or population
  • It can pertain to a specific type of culture, community, school, or workplace
• Case Study


  An in-depth analysis of a certain situation, group of people or an individual, using more data gathering procedures
• The problem with case studies is that it's more difficult to use especially if it is your first time making a research paper
• Phenomenology


  An approach to qualitative research that studies the phenomenon or experiences of people, to give an idea on how individuals or a group of people react or experience a certain phenomenon
• Phenomenon


  • A rare occurrence or an experience of an individual that is not common, e.g. the experiences of teenagers to bullying or physical abuse
• Historical Approach


  A systematic collection and evaluation of information which have occurred in the past, in the form of documents, stories, artifacts, videos, etc., to examine the validity of these documents or add more information about a past event