HPC in Toddlers

• Gross motor -walking, running, climbing
• Fine motor - feeding themselves, drawing
• Sensory/cognitive - seeing, hearing, tastisting, touching, and smelling
• Language/communication(speech) - saying single words, then sentences
• Social/emotional - playing with others, taking turns, doing fantasy play
• HEALTH PROBLEMS COMMON IN TODDLERS

  • Burns
  • Poisoning
  • Child abuse
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Common injuries
  • Drowning
  • Aspiration
• Burns - Are injuries to body tissue caused by excessive heat (greater than 40°C or 140°F)
• Burns - 2nd greatest cause of unintentional injury in 1-4 y.o
• Burns - 3rd most common cause of unintentional injury in children 5-14 y.o
• Thermal Burns - Due to external heat sources.
• Radiation burns - Caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays of the sun, therapeutic cancer treatments or nuclear power plant leaks.
• Chemical Burns - Caused by strong acids, alkalis, detergents, or solvents
• Electrical burns - From electrical current
• Friction burns - From direct damage to cells and from the heat generated by friction.
• BURNS ASSESSMENT

  • Airway
  • Breathing: beware of inhalation and rapid airway compromise
  • Circulation: fluid replacements
  • Disability: compartment syndrome
  • Exposure: percentage area of burn
• Wallace The Rule of Nines - is the way medical professionals calculate the TBSA (Total Body Surface Area)
• 1st degree / Superficial thickness - Affects only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin.
• 1st degree / Superficial thickness - Appears red, dry, and with no blisters
• 1st degree / Superficial thickness - Feels mildly painful and heals 1-10 days by simple regeneration.
• Sunburn - COMMON CAUSE of 1st-degree / Superficial thickness
• 2nd degree / Partial thickness - Involves the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of the skin
• 2nd degree / Partial thickness - Appears red, blistered, and may be swollen
• 2nd degree / Partial thickness - Very painful and heal over 2-6 weeks by tissue regeneration
• Scalding - COMMON CAUSE of 2nd degree / Partial thickness
• 3rd degree / Full thickness - Involves the epidermis and full extent of dermis and may go into the subcutaneous tissue
• 3rd degree / Full thickness - Appears white or charred and lacks sensation bc the nerve endings are destroyed
• 3rd degree / Full thickness - Skin grafting is usually necessary, healing takes months.
• 3rd degree / Full thickness - Scar tissue will cover the final healed site
• Flames - common cause of 3rd degree / Full thickness
• 4th degree - Full thickness burn extending into muscle and bone
• 4th degree - Skin grafting is necessary
• 4th degree - Muscle and bone may be permanently damaged and scarring will cover the healed site.
• High voltage electric or severe fire - common cause of 4th degree
• EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF BURNS

  Minor Burns - Immediately apply cool water to cool the skin to prevent further burning.
• EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF BURNS

  Minor Burns - Application of Analgesic-antibiotic ointment and a gauze bandage to prevent infection
• EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF BURNS

  Minor Burns - Keep dressing dry and change every 2 days.
• EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF BURNS

  Moderate Burns - Don't rupture blisters
• EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF BURNS

  Moderate Burns - Apply topical antibiotic (Silver Sulfadiazine Silva Dene) and dressing to prevent damage and infection.
• EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF BURNS

  Moderate Burns - Broken blisters may be debrided
• Debridement - Also done to remove foreign material from tissue.