topic 6

• “Peace” is derived from the original Latin word “pax” which means a pact, a control or an agreement to end war or any dispute and conflict between two people, two nations or two antagonistic groups of people
• Albert Einstein define peace as not merely the absence of war but the presence of justice, of law, of order – in short, of government.
• Martin Luther King, Jr., a famous human rights activist is the one who was not satisfied with the definition of peace focusing only on the absence of the unhappy situations rather true peace not merely the absence of tension: It is the presence of justice. Absence of war is single part of peace but respects for humanity, food security and absolute sovereignty.
• Internal peace:

  it is inner peace is peace of mind or soul. It is a state of calm, serenity and tranquility of mind that arise due to having no sufferings or mental disturbances such as worry, anxiety, greed, desire, hatred, ill-will ,delusion and/or other defilements. It is peace within oneself; it is derived from practicing or training of mind of an individual.
• Internal peace is stressed in the field of religion.
• Internal peace is essential; it is generally regarded as true peace and as a real foundation of peace in society or peace in the world
• Internal peace is the core, the essence and the firm foundation of external peace
• External peace:

  It is peace that occurs in society, nations and the world; it is a normal state of society, countries and the world and it is a state of peaceful and happy co-existence of people as well as nature
• External peace is the absence of all social evils as well as the presence of all social virtues
• Intrapersonal peace

  • the state of peace within man himself that means there is no conflict inside one‘s mind.
• Interpersonal peace

  • the state of peace between a man and men; there are no conflicts between a man and men or one another.
• Intragroup peace

  • the state of peace within groups; the state of having no conflicts in groups
• Intergroup peace

  • the state of peace between group and group; the state of having no conflicts among groups.
• Intraracial peace

  • the state of peace within race; the state of having no conflicts in each race.
• Interracial peace

  • the state of peace between race and races; the state of having no conflicts among races
• Intranational peace

  • the state of peace within nations or countries; the state of having no conflicts in each nation or country
• International peace

  * the state of peace between a nation and the nations; the state of having no conflicts among nations
• World peace

  • peace of the world. It means that the countries throughout the world are said to be in the state of normalcy, absence of wars and conflicts, presence of justice and balance of control
• Negative peace

  • means an absence of war, conflict, hostility, agitation, disturbance, disagreement or quarrel, struggle, violence, terrorism, civil strife or civil commotion, social disorder, etc., and an absence of mental disturbance such as anxiety, worry, restlessness etc.
• Positive peace

  • means a state of tranquility, calm, repose, quietness, harmony, friendship, amity, concord, peaceful or friendly relation, public order, pacification, spiritual content, reconciliation, serenity, security, social justice and bliss
• Nature of Peace

  • Peace Process (Peacemaking and Peace movement)
  • Peacebuilding
  • Peacekeeping
  • Peace Essentials
• Peacemaking

  • is a form of conflict resolution which focuses on establishing equal power relationship that will be strong enough to prevent future conflict and establishing some means of agreeing on ethical decision within a community that has previously had conflict
• Peace movement

  • is a sustained, organized attempt by groups of people to prevent a war from breaking out, to end an ongoing war, to build a peaceful and just society, and/or to build a peaceful world order
• Peacebuilding

  • An activity that aims to resolve injustice in nonviolent ways and to transform the cultural and structural conditions that generate deadly or destructive conflict
  • The process includes violence prevention; conflict management, resolution, or transformation; and post-conflict reconciliation or trauma healing before, during, and after any given case of violence.
  • Strategic peace building activities address the root or potential causes of violence, create a societal expectation for peaceful conflict resolution, and stabilize society politically and socioeconomically
• Peacekeeping

  • Peacekeeping comprises activities intended to create conditions that favour lasting peace. Research generally finds that peacekeeping reduces civilian and battlefield deaths, as well as reduces the risk of renewed warfare
  • Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and may assist ex-combatants in implementing peace agreement commitments that they have undertaken
• Human Rights

  • cannot be realized in the absence of peace; war is itself a human rights abuse for both the military personnel involved and for civilians, and it also creates other human rights abuse from censorship, and the denial of civil liberties, to torture, rape, and summary executions. Human rights and peace are inseparable. They are dependent to each other
• JUSTICE

  • concerns itself with the proper ordering of things and people within a society. The absence of justice results to a lot of problems within the society and peace is impossible to achieve. Peace is the outcome of justice. Justice and peace are intertwined
• Four types of Justice

  1. Utilitarianism

  • is a form of consequentialism, where punishment is forward-looking. Justified by the ability to achieve future social benefits resulting in crime reduction, the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome.
• Four types of Justice

  2. Retributive justice

  • regulates proportionate response to crime proven by lawful evidence, so that punishment is justly imposed and considered as morally correct and fully deserved
• Types of Justice

  3. Restorative justice

  • is concerned not so much with retribution and punishment as with (a) making the victim whole and (b) reintegrating the offender into society. This approach frequently brings an offender and a victim together, so that the offender can better understand the effect his/her offense had on the victim.
• Types of Justice

  4. Distributive justice

  • is directed at the proper allocation of things; wealth, power, reward, respect among different people
• Peace Essentials

  Non-violence

  • is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of violence, but at the same time sees nonviolent action (also called civil resistance) as an alternative to passive acceptance of oppression or armed struggle against it
• Peace Essentials

  Peace education

  • entails inculcation of desire for peace, nonviolent alternatives for managing conflict, and skills for critical analysis of structural arrangements that produce and legitimize injustice and inequality
• Peace Essentials

  Culture of peace

  • is based on the universal values of respect for life, liberty, justice, solidarity, tolerance, human rights and equality between men and women. A culture of peace represents an everyday attitude of nonviolence, and fierce determination to defend human rights and human dignity
• Peace Essentials

  Peace gender

  • Peacemaking between the genders, as both men and women seek to heal the brokenness and abuse that exist around the whole issue of gender relations and sexuality
• Peace Essentials

  Peace media

  • Mass media like television and radio played a crucial role in peacebuilding
• Peace Essentials

  Peace Environment

  • Equal access to economic and political resources are factors in preventing conflicts. Resource dependency and structural violence can stimulate insecurities to individuals and societies.
• TERRORISM: The Anti-terror Act of 2020 (RA 11479)

  • In 2020, the controversial Anti-Terror Act was signed into law. It superseded the Human Security Act of 2007 and was enacted to combat terrorism. However, it met a considerable dissent from the public due to various reasons but mainly because of its overbreadth definition and unbridled power given to the Anti-Terrorism Council
• Section 4. Terrorism.- Subject to Section 49 of this Act, terrorism is committed by any person who, within or outside the Philippines, regardless of the stage of execution.
• WHO IS A TERRORIST?

  1. Terrorism; 2. Threat to commit terrorism; 3. Planning, training, preparing, and facilitating the commission of terrorism; 4. Conspiracy to commit terrorism; 5. Proposal to commit terrorism; 6. Inciting to commit terrorism; 7. Recruitment to and membership in a terrorist organization; 8. Foreign terrorist; and 9. Providing material support to the terrorist