3i's

• data treatment


  method or process applied to data to get meaning from them.
• data treatment for statistics


  data treatment for quantitative research
• data treatment for content analysis


  data treatment for qualitative research
• Statistics


  interpret quantitative data defined as techniques used for collecting organizing analyzing and presentation of numerical data
• types of statistics


  inferential and descriptive statistics
• inferential statistics


  involves generalization and hypothesis testing and sampling
• descriptive statistics


  involves tabulating depicting and describing the collected data and summarize to reveal overall data.
• statistical tools


  frequency distribution
• frequency distribution


  record of number of individuals or cases located in each category
• measure of central tendencies


  mean median and mode
• mean


  some of all scores divided by the total number of cases (average)
• Median


  middle most value in a distribution below or above which is exactly 50% of cases that are found.

  
  

  if 2, + and divide 2= median
• mode


  (most frequently) occurring score in a distribution
• Graphs


  chart representing the quantitative changes of variables in a diagrammatic form.
• Types of graphs


  area graph, column graph, bar graph, pie graph , and line graph
• area graph


  shows the relationship of different parts to a whole over time and best used for (4 to 6 data series)
• column graph


  similar to bar graph but shows the differences in individual values (vertically) and is best works with (1-3 data series)
• bar graph


  differences and individual values (horizontally) best works with (one to two data series)
• pie graph


  proportion of each segment of a whole and must come with a (legend) of presented data
• line graph


  proportion of each segment of a whole and may display (4-6 data series)
• elements of graphs


  colors, axes, data labels, title, legend
• Colors


  contrast between the background color and the color of each data series must be readable and clear.
• Axes (X-Y)


  every graph has it. data values and time scale pie graph do not have access.
• data labels


  textbox that contains the actual data value used to clearly indicate the meaning of data in the graph
• title (elements of table)

  focus on the interpretation of data and not on the data themselves
• legend


  text labels that are recommended to be added to indicate the series instead of using a legend may destruct and confuse the readers if not presented properly.
• 2 types of data presentation

  graphs and tables
• meaning of tables


  method of presenting data which are usually shown a specific numerical figures and are arranged in an orderly display of rows and columns.
• tables provide (.....) values and illustrate results

  exact
• elements of tables


  title, rows, columns, row and columns labels, and data
• title


  interpretation or summary of the entire table presented
• rows


  horizontal elements in a table
• columns


  vertical and hold a list of values from the same field
• row and column label


  title or names for value or heading of the data.
• data (elements of table)


  information contained in each cell of the table representing the data obtain.