3-D

• oEndorsed parish priests (local)

  oApproves who is admitted to Higher Education Institutions

  Friars
• National level, highest church official of the Philippine Island

  oMost powerful religious official

  oHas influence on the government, decision of Governor General. Many instances of Governor General removal due to his opposition.

  Archbishop
• Executive head of the government, appointed by the Spanish monarchy and has crucial role in governance (military command, economic policies, implementation of law)

  Governor General
• Gov Gen Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera - Arch Hernando Guerrero - fugitives rights to sanctuary in churches. Corcuera punished of imprisonment
• Gov Gen Fernando Bustamante - Arch Fernando dela Cuesta - immunity of crimes and sanctuary. Bustamante was murdered led by churchmen.
• Governor General as BAD

  oClashed with the archbishop

  oSlow to comply with the archbishop’s wishes

  oEmilio Terrero - not acting decisively on Noli Me Tangere

  oJose dela Gandara - favors the liberals

  oCarlos Ma. Dela Torre- associates with emerging Filipino Middle Class
• Governor General as GOOD

  oRepressive towards Filipinos

  oRafael Izquierdo - who had the GomBurZa executed

  oEulogio Despujol- made sure Rizal cant leave Phils after 1892, deported him to Dapitan

  oCamilo de Polavieja - signed Rizal’s death warrant
• belong to religious orders, life a secluded life

  Regular Clergy
• Does not belong to any religious order, not live a secluded life

  Secular Clergy
• Church Division of its members

  1. Regular Clergy
  2. Secular Clergy
• 4 types of regular clergy

  a.Dominicans

  b.Augustinians

  c.Recollects

  d.Franciscans
• their duty is to spread Christianity but not to administer parishes thus, exempted from visitation

  Regulars
• oProcess of converting something from religious to secular possession or use

  oDissociation or separation from religious or spiritual concern

  Secularization
• In what year does the king suspended the secularization due to issues?

  1776
• New Movement for Secularizationo

  • Led by Filipino Priests: Pedro Pelaez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora
  • Opposing them were the Spanish
  • Issue: Limpieza de Sangre or Racial superiority. Spanish clergy were said to be better than native clergy
• 19th century produced brilliant native priests of the Phils:

  1. Pedro Pablo Pelaez- erudite
  2. Mariano Gomez- protected the natives from Dominican abuses in Cavite, hated by regulars

  3. Jose Burgos- youngest, most brilliant with 8 degrees from UST

  4. Jacinto Zamora- examiner of priests in Manila Cathedral
• GOVERNOR GENERAL

  1. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre- listened to views and complaints, mingled with people, dismissed his bodyguards, pardoned Camerino, abolished punishment but was not really kind. He is dubious and made Filipino to believe in his kindness. He had the native leaders identified and place them under surveillance. Letters were opened and intercepted.
  2. Rafael de Izquierdo – replaced Dela Torre (1871). Repealed all initiated reforms, increased taxes of workers & some not exempted from forced labor.
• an open rebellion against authorities especially by soldiers

  The Mutiny
• Cavite Arsenal Workers - salaries cut into half due to tax, not exempted from forced labor, found sympathy among soldiers of fort led by Sergeant Lamadrid. Protest became Mutiny.
• Lamadrid comrades in Manila will join uprising upon signal of rockets firing in Manila

  January 17, 1872
• found that Lamadrid died in fighting. Manila did not pursue the uprising.


  January 18, 1872
• 3 priests weaknesses:

  gamble
• Father Zamora wrote on a piece of paper: “bring powder and shot for a meeting tonight” and fell into the hands of the Spaniards Powder and shots were term for gambling money in a card game Panguingue.
• Father Pelaez escaped inclusion in the charges because he has been killed in 1863 earthquake and demolished the Manila Cathedral. The friars celebrated because it was God’s punishment for those who challenge the Spaniards.
• Francisco Zaldua - false trial witness testified against the accused
• Fathers Gomez, Burgos, Zamora were found guilty of treason and rebellion and were sentenced to death by Garrote in Bagumbayan Field.
• when was the 3 priests executed?

  February 21, 1872
• executed first being the false witness who thought he will be pardoned.

  Francisco Zaldua
• executed 1st among the 3 priests who said “ I am going to where the leaves of the trees will not move without the will of God” “That’s alright son, do your duty”

  Mariano Gomez
• he did not know what is happening because he was already insane at that time. His innocent note led to his and his colleagues execution.

  Jacinto Zamora
• last executed who was crying and said “ but I am innocent” and the priest beside him replied “ and so was Christ”

  Jose Burgos