LESSON 3.1

• AUTOTROPHS OR SELF-FEEDERS


  Plants and other photosynthetic organisms can produce their own food by converting inorganic components into organic molecules,
• HETEROTROPHS

  Plants and other photosynthetic organisms can produce their own food by converting inorganic components into organic molecules,
• WHAT ARE THE 3 DIETARY CATEGORIES IN ANIMALS

  Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores
• DETRIVORES 


  also known as detritus feeders or eaters are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients from decaying bodies of plants and animal. Usually by breaking them into smaller sizes before decomposers act on them.
• WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS

  Intracellular Digestion & Extracellular Digestion
• INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

  This kind of digestion is common in single-celled organisms suchas protists, amoeba and paramecium.
• EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION 


  happens when food is broken downoutside of cells as observed in animals with an incomplete orcomplete digestive system. Incomplete digestive system orgastrovascular cavity is observed among simple animals such asthe hydra, flatworms and coelenterates.
• WHAT ARE THE FEEDING MECHNISMS IN ANIMALS

  Suspension Feeding, Filter Feeding, Substrate Feeder, Fluid Feeders, Bulk Feeder
• SUSPENSION FEEDING


  Most of these organisms use their body parts to move water toward a feeding structure to sift through the food suspended in water in a feeding mechanism mode.
• FILTER FEEDING


  Higher organisms obtain food through its subtype.
• SUBSTRATE FEEDER


  They eat their way through the soil while digesting and excreting food as they crawl.
• FLUID FEEDERS 


  Ingest their food by sucking nutrient- rich fluid from a living host that is either a plant or an animal.
• BULK FEEDER


  They ingest large pieces of food into their mouth. It also use a variety of means such as claws, pincers, venomous fangs, retractable jaws and sharp teeth to tear the food sources into pieces of meat so they could take mouthfuls of animal or plant body parts.
• WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN STAGES OF FOOD PROCESSING

  Ingestion, Digestion (mechanical digestion & chemical digestion), and Absorption
• INGESTION

  -- the first stage

  -- the act of eating or taking food via the mouth cavity
• DIGESTION 


  -- the second stage which involves the mechanical and chemical breakdown of large food molecules into soluble or diffusible molecules that can be absorbed by the cells
• 2 TYPES OF DIGESTION

  Mechanical Digestion & Chemical Digestion
• Mechanical Digestion 


  used by humans and animals by chewing or tearing food to break apart large food particles
• CHEMICAL DIGESTION


  uses enzymes whereby water is added in hydrolysis to break the chemical bonds in food
• ABSORPTION


  the third stage where the small molecules, now in the form of building blocks will be absorbed by the lining of digestive tract
• ADDITIONAL INFO: ELIMINATION


  the disposal of undigested materials from the food we eat
• ESOPHAGUS


  a long tube connecting the mouth and the stomach
• PERISTALSIS

   muscle layers surrounding the esophagus that cause rhythmic, wavelike contractions
• SPHINCTERS

  regulates passage of food into and out of the stomach

  • it controls the food to stay in the stomach to allow acids and enzymes to continue digestive system process
• 2 TYPES OF SECRETORY CELLS IN THE GASTRIC GLANDS

  Parietal Cells & Chief Cells
• PARIETAL CELLS


  secrete hydrochlorics
• CHIEF CELLS


  secrete ‘pepsinogen’ (a weak enzyme that is converted to a more powerful enzyme known as ‘pepsin’)
• PYLORIC SPHINCTER

  a muscular valve connecting the stomach to the small intestine. it controls the food that passes into the small intestine
• GALLBLADDER


  a greenish-yellow bag, temporarily stores bil - as food moves in small intestine, it releases bile through a duct into the small intestine
• PANCREAS


  produces hormones responsible for controlling the glucose level in the blood and releases bicarbonate that neutralizes the acidity of the chime
• LIVER

  aid in digestion by producing an alkaline, greenish-yellow liquid which contains salt and pigments called 'bile'
• WHAT HAPPENS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

  Proteins break into amino acids, fats break into fatty acids and glycerol, and carbohydrates break into simple sugars
• NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF ANIMALS

  Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Fats, and Vitamins
• WATER 


  as natural solvent, helps your body digest food and eliminate waste products, regulates body temperature, maintain blood pH and volume, and keeps the skin and internal respiratory surface moist.
• CARBOHYDRATES


  are macromolecules that provide the main source of energy in the body, they could be divided into simple sugars found in fruits such as sugar cane, apple, or mangoes or complex sugars in the form of starches present in grains potatoes and vegetables. For complex carbohydrates to be digested in the body, it must be digested into simple sugars such as glucose.
• PROTEINS


  are macromolecules essential for the growth of new protoplasm and repair of worn-out body cells and tissues. These are composed of complex building blocks known as amino acids.
• LIPIDS


  are macromolecules that function for energy and structural support in cell membranes, as myelin sheaths in neurons and in the production of certain hormones.
• FATS


  are made up of long chains of fatty acids connected with glycerol molecules. It can be produced by your body and must obtained from foods. Fats are classified saturated or unsaturated, depending on the structure of fatty-acid chain. Saturated fats such as those found in butter are solid at room temperature and found in animal products. Unsaturated fats such as those found in plant oil such as corn or canola oil, are liquid at room temperature.
• VITAMINS


  are complex organic compounds that are not manufactured by the body. Vitamins can be classified as fat soluble or fat insoluble. Fat-soluble dissolve in fatty acids that include vitamins A,E,D and K and can be stored in the body. Water soluble vitamins such as vitamins C and B, cannot be stored but are exceed via urine and feces.