Types

• Hard power

  The ability of one actor to influence another through coercion and persuasion; this involves the use of military force and sanctions
• Soft power

  the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal, attraction, and non-coercion; acceptability of its foreign policy
• Smart power

  Combines hard power and soft power
• Sticky power

  Concept advanced by Walter Russell Mead which argues economic power is sticky as it "seduces as much as it compels"
• Structural power

  the establishment of structures, or the control over structures, in international relations.
• Sharp power

  The use of technology or information warfare to shape public perceptions and behavior around the world
• Military power

  The power to use physical coercion via armed forces to get others to do what you want
• Economic power

  The use of economic measures to aid or sanction others in a manner that changes their behavior
• Cultural power

  A key component of soft power, whereby ideas, language, and culture shape the thinking and actions of others
• Complex interdependence

  The idea put forward by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye that states and their fortunes are inextricably tied together
• Internal sovereignty

  The internally recognized supreme authority of a sovereign within its own territory
• External sovereignty

  The externally recognized supreme authority of a sovereign within its own territory; in other words, the state is is subject to no outside authority or compulsion
• Negative sovereignty

  Freedom from external interference
• Positive sovereignty

  The ability of the sovereign to provide goods for those it claims to represent
• Pooled sovereignty

  The strengthening of a country's resources by combining them with those of partner countries; the EU is a good example
• Responsible sovereignty

  The principle that states should not only protect their own people but should cooperate across borders to protect global resources and tackle transnational threats
• Moral legitimacy

  Describes the idea of 'having the moral high ground.' States with bad human rights records tend to have a low moral legitimacy
• Realist legitimacy


  For Machiavelli, there is no moral basis on which to judge the difference between legitimate and illegitimate uses of power. Rather, authority and power are essentially coequal: whoever has power has the right to command
• Domestic legitimacy


  The acceptability of an actor to rule as determined by domestic actors, such as the population or political parties
• International legitimacy


  The acceptability of an actor to rule as determined by the international community
• Procedural legitimacy


  The acceptability of an actor to rule as determined by the institutionalized patterns of decision-making and implementation. e.g. Donald Trump did not win the popular vote in the 2016 election, but his election was procedurally legitimate as it followed 'the rules of the game' in the form of the Electoral College
• Value-based legitimacy


  The acceptability of an actor to rule based on the actor's prioritization of specific topics. e.g. Although people may not agree with all of Rodrigo Duterte's policies in the Philippines they may agree with his specific focus on combating drug use and drug trade and hence consider him legitimate
• Role-based legitimacy


  The acceptability of an actor based on the trust in a specific institution or position. e.g. reports by Amnesty International may be highly respected based on the reputation of the NGO or Tenzin Gyatso's views on politics may be considered legitimate simply on the basis that he is the 14th Dalai Lama
• First generation human rights

  Focus on the civil and political rights that protect individuals' liberty from the state; predominantly negative rights; e.g. voting and having the freedom to demonstrate and join political parties
• Second generation human rights

  Based on the principles of social justice and public obligation, these rights seek to provide protection for humanity's neediest people by providing relief to the less fortunate; they can be classified as "social" or "economic" rights
• Third generation human rights

  Rights of groups to protect their interests, identities, and the natural world
• Negative human rights


  Rights that do not require intervention by an outside agency; e.g. the right to life or freedom of speech
• Positive human rights


  The "positive" in positive rights refers to the fact that in order to satisfy these rights, other people must provide them; they require action from others, instead of inaction; e.g. the right to healthcare or education
• Universal human rights


  The principle that rights should be available to all, and not be restricted by individual ability or society's socioeconomic circumstances
• Cultural relativism


  The principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture; an argument against the universality of human rights
• Formal equality of opportunity


  Formal equality is the view that formal rules should not exclude individuals from achieving certain goals by making reference to personal characteristics that are arbitrary, such as race, socio-economic class, gender, religion and sexuality; it is not concerned with the content of informal rules or of private discrimination
• Substantive equality of opportunity

  Substantive equality deals with what is sometimes described as indirect discrimination; it seeks to remedy inequalities (perhaps because of an "unfair disadvantage" based on prejudice in the past), end indirect discrimination, and create a fair and meritocratic society
• Equality of outcomes


  A state in which people have approximately the same material wealth and income, or in which the general economic conditions of their lives are alike
• Retributive justice


  A system of justice based on the punishment rather than on rehabilitation
• Restorative justice


  A system of justice which focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders and their reconciliation with victims
• Transformative justice


  An approach which goes beyond restorative justice and seeks to see problems as not only the beginning of the crime but also the causes of crime, and tries to treat an offense as a transformative relational and educational opportunity for victims, offenders and all other members of the affected community
• Transitional justice


  The process which countries emerging from periods of conflict or systematic human rights violations go through whereby the normal justice system is incapable of provide an adequate response and therefore (temporary) justice-seeking measures and institutions must be established
• Legal justice


  Justice according the law; i.e. justice is served according to the law when the procedures laid out in the law have been followed to decide about an adequate sentence
• Political justice


  The application of the principles of justice to the basic political institutions and constitutional order of society
• Social justice


  Justice in terms of the fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society