Lesson 1: Geothermal Power Plant

• Magma


  Molten metal within the earth which is basically nickel-iron in composition whose stored energy heats the surrounding water thereby producing steam or hot water
• Solfatara

  A natural volcanic steam vent in which sulfur gases are the dominant constituent along with hot water vapour
• Convection

  Geothermal energy is transferred to the earth's surface by Diffusion & _ movement of magma (Molten rock) and deep-lying circulating water
• Geothermics


  Science pertaining to the earth's interior heat
• Geology


  The study of the planet earth, its rocky exterior, its history, and the processes that act upon it
• Tectonic Plates


  • The outer shell of the earth is made up of thin, rigid plates that move relative to each other
• Vulcano

  
  

  It formed by the accumulation of materials erupted through one or more openings in the earth's surface
• Hydrogen Sulphide


  A dangerous gas which can be toxic at very high concentrations, is sometimes present in geothermal reservoirs
• Faults


  Cracks in the crust of the earth along which there has been movement of the rocks on either side of the crack
• Hydraulic Fracturing


  A process of injecting large volumes of water down into a well at a pressure high enough to break the rock
• Flash Steam Geothermal Power Plant

  
  

  Most operating geothermal power plants are _, wherein, hot water from wells is piped into the plant, where, released from the high pressure of its underground location, some of the hot water boils to steam to drive the steam turbine
• Dry Steam Geothermal Power Plant


  • Steam from the reservoir is piped directly through a turbine generator
• Well-Bore Products


  The effluent coming out from the geothermal well as produced after drilling. This can be steam, hot water or a mixture of both
• Steam Dominated G.P.P.


  A geothermal power plant with its well producing all steam as the well-bore products
• Liquid Dominated G.P.P.


  A geothermal power plant with its well bore products is practically all hot pressurized water
• Dry Steam G.P.P.


  • The simplest and oldest design, they directly use geothermal steam of 150°C or greater to turn turbines
• Flash Steam G.P.P.


  • Pull deep, high-pressure hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive turbines. They require fluid temperatures of at least 180°C, usually more. This is the most common type of plant in operation today.
• Binary Cycle Power plant


  • The most recent development, can accept fluid temperatures as low as 57°C. The moderately hot geothermal water is passed by a secondary fluid with a much lower boiling point than water. This causes the secondary fluid to flash vaporize, which then drives the turbines
• Kalina Cycle


  A thermodynamic process for converting thermal energy into usable mechanical power. It uses a solution of 2 fluids (water and ammonia) with different boiling points for its working fluid.
• Organic Rankine Cycle


  Cycle with high molecular mass fluid with a liquid-vapor phase change, or boiling point, occurring at a lower temperature than the water-steam phase change.
• Hot Spring

  A spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the Earth's crust
• Geyser

  A spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by a vapour phase (steam)
• Source of Geothermal Plant

  • Geyser
  • Hot Spring
  • Steam Vent
• 10 % to 13 %

  Both Organic Rankine and Kalina cycles are used. The thermal efficiency of this type plant is typically about
• Fumaroles

  A crack in the earth through which geothermal substance passes
• Hot Spring

  It is a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the Earth's crust
• Surface condenser

  In this type of steam condensers there is no direct contact between the steam and cooling water and the condensate can be re-used:
• Down flow condenser

  In this steam condenser, Steam enters at the top and flows downward. The water flowing through the tubes in one direction lower half comes out in the opposite direction in the upper half.
• Condenser

  A closed vessel in which steam is condensed by abstracting the heat and where the pressure is maintained below atmospheric pressure is known as a:
• Galvanized pipe should be used for steam

  Which of the following is not a requirement in designing pipe installation?
• Evaporation condenser

  In this condenser steam to be condensed is passed through a series of tubes and the cooling waterfalls over these tubes in the form of spray. A steam of air flows over the tubes to increase evaporation of cooling water, which further increases the condensation of steam.
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