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• Gills


  External extensions of the surface of the body of fishes, used for gas exchange
• Gill function in fishes

  1. Water is attracted into the mouth and through the gills as the fish swims

  2. Oxygen spreads through the gill's blood vessels from the water

  3. Carbon dioxide exits the blood vessels and enters the water flowing through the gills
• Frog respiration


  Swallows air, where oxygen diffuses into the blood to bind with hemoglobin in the red blood cells
• Reptile lungs


  • Folded
  • Rib muscles aid the expansion of the lungs and protect them from damage
• Bird lungs


  • Large air spaces called air sacs
  • Rib cage spreads apart when a bird inhales, creating a partial vacuum in the lungs
  • Air flows into the lungs and then into the air sacs, where much of the gas exchange takes place
  • Adaptation to the rigors of flight and their enormous metabolic requirements
• Mammalian lungs


  • Millions of microscopic air sacs called alveoli
  • Rich network of blood vessels surrounding each alveolus
  • Dome-shaped diaphragm that separates the thorax from the abdomen, providing a separate chest cavity for breathing and blood circulating
  • Diaphragm contracts and flattens to create a partial vacuum in the lungs during inhalation
• Sinuses


  Hollow areas between the bones in the head that help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air you inhale
• Pharynx


  Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe)
• Types of pharynx


  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
• Trachea


  Passage that connects your throat and lungs
• Bronchial Tubes


  Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung
• Diaphragm


  Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out
• Rib cage


  Set of bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart
• Alveoli


  Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
• Bronchioles


  Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli
• Capillaries


  Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Sections of the lungs

  • Three lobes in the right lung
  • Two lobes in the left lung
• Pleura


  Thin sacs that surround each lung lobe and separate your lungs from the chest wall
• Types of pleura


  • Visceral Pleura - innermost
  • Parietal Pleura - outermost
• Cilia


  Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and other irritants out of your airways
• Epiglottis


  Tissue flap at the entrance to the trachea that closes when you swallow to keep food and liquids out of your airway
• Larynx


  Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in and out