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• Macronutrients


  • C
  • O
  • H
  • N
  • K
  • Ca
  • Mg
  • P
  • S
• Carbon (C)


  Major component of plant's organic compounds
• Oxygen (O)


  Major component of plant's organic compounds
• Hydrogen (H)


  Major component of plant's organic compounds
• Nitrogen (N)


  Component of nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, chlorophyll, coenzymes
• Potassium (K)


  Cofactor that functions in protein synthesis, major solute functioning in water balance, operation of stomata
• Calcium (Ca)


  Important in formation and stability of cell walls and in maintenance of membrane structure and permeability, activates some enzymes, regulates many responses of cells to stimuli
• Magnesium (Mg)


  Components of chlorophyll, activates many enzymes
• Phosphorus (P)


  Components of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, several coenzymes
• Sulfur (S)


  Components of proteins, coenzymes
• Micronutrients


  • Cl
  • Fe
  • Mn
  • Bo
  • Zi
  • Ni
  • Mb
• Chlorine (Cl)


  Required for water-splitting step of photosynthesis, functions in water balance
• Iron (Fe)


  Component of cytochromes, activates some enzymes
• Manganese (Mn)


  Active in formation of amino acids, activates some enzymes; required for water-splitting step of photosynthesis
• Boron (B)


  Cofactor in chlorophyll synthesis; may be involved in carbohydrate transport and nucleic acid synthesis; role in cell wall function
• Zinc (Zn)


  Active in formation of chlorophyll; activates some enzymes
• Copper (Cu)


  Component of many redox and lignin-biosynthetic enzymes
• Nickel (Ni)


  Cofactor for an enzyme functioning in nitrogen metabolism
• Molybdenum (Mb)


  Essential for symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria; cofactor that functions in nitrate reduction
• Eggs are laid and fertilized in water
• Outside the frog's heads

  • Two external NARES or NOSTRILS
  • Two TYMPANIC MEMBRANES or eardrums
  • Two EYES, each with three lids
  • Third lid called the nictitating membrane
• Placement of tympanum and eyes

  • On top of the head instead of sides and front of head like a fish, helps frog keep its body in the water, keep its eyes above waterline, helping look for predators and for food while still underwater
• Legs and feet of frogs

  • Well adapted for living both in water and on land, strong bone structure and muscular legs are an advantage on land for jumping away from predators at catching prey, webbed feet/toes are for efficient swimming
• Inside the mouth of a frog

  • 2 INTERNAL NARES
  • 2 VOMERINE TEETH
  • 2 MAXILLARY TEETH
  • PHARYNX
  • TONGUE
• Tongue


  Attached at the front instead of rear
• Frogs have a coloring scheme called countershading that allows for camouflage
• Pharynx openings


  • Glottis - opens to the esophagus for food to be swallowed
  • Larynx - air travels to make voice
  • Eustachian Tubes - connects pharynx to tympanic membrane (tympanum)
• Digestive system of frogs

  1. Mouth

  2. Esophagus

  3. Stomach (chemical digestion)

  4. Small intestine (nutrient absorption)

  5. Large intestine (bacterial digestion, water absorption, waste concentration)

  6. Rectum (temporary storage of feces)
• Digestive glands


  Liver (produces bile), gallbladder (stores bile), pancreas (produces enzymes)
• Respiratory system of frogs

  1. Nostrils

  2. Larynx

  3. Lungs (with capillaries)
• Circulatory system of frogs

  1. Heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle)

  2. Blood vessels

  3. Blood

  4. Spleen (blood reservoir, removes old blood cells)
• Urinary system of frogs

  1. Kidneys (filter blood)

  2. Ureters

  3. Bladder

  4. Cloaca
• Male reproductive system of frogs

  1. Testes

  2. Sperm ducts

  3. Cloaca
• Female reproductive system of frogs

  1. Ovaries

  2. Oviducts

  3. Uteri

  4. Cloaca
• Central nervous system of frogs

  1. Brain

  2. Spinal cord

  3. Spinal nerves
• Main parts of the brain

  Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Pineal Body (Gland), Optic Lobe, Olfactory Lobe
• Skeletal & muscular system of frogs

  • Bones & joints, voluntary muscles in flexor & extensor pairs
• How to determine a frog's sex

  Look at hand digits (males have thick pads on "thumbs"), look at tympanic membrane size (larger in males)
• Skin characteristics of frogs

  • Moist, smooth, with mucus glands and granular glands
• Female frogs may have dark-colored eggs in the abdominal cavity