LESSON 1 & 2 IN SCIENCE

• Cell


  The basic unit of life
• Cell cycle


  Cell grow and division
• Types of cells


  • Somatic cells (body)
  • Reproductive cells (sex body parts)
• Somatic cells examples: skin, heart (human), root, leaf, stem (plants)
• Reproductive cells examples: ovary, egg cells, uterus, testes, sperm (humans), flower, pollen, stamen
• Nucleus (Eukaryote)


  Contains the chromosome (DNA, Gene) and carries the genetic material
• Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus
• Chromosome


  Structure found inside the nucleus of a cell
• Cell cycle


  1. Interphase (G1, S, G2)

  2. Cell division (Mitosis, Meiosis)
• Mitosis


  • Eukaryotic organisms to grow or reproduce asexually
  • Occurs in somatic or body cells
• Meiosis


  • Eukaryotic organisms to create sex cells (gametes)
  • Occurs only on reproductive cells or gametes
• Meiosis


  1. Meiosis I (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I)

  2. Meiosis II (Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II)
• Meiosis reduces the chromosomes number in half
• Mitosis is for body cells (somatic cells), Meiosis is for formation of sex organs (gametes) and reproduction
• Male reproductive organs


  • Sperm cell
  • Testes
  • Penis
  • Urethra
  • Prostate gland
  • Scrotum
• Female reproductive organs


  • Egg cell
  • Ovary
  • Vagina
  • Fallopian tube (oviduct)
  • Uterus (womb)
• Fertilization


  The union of egg and sperm
• Genetic terms


  • Phenotype
  • Genotype
  • Dominant trait
  • Recessive trait
  • Homozygous
  • Heterozygous
  • Allele
  • Gregor Mendel
  • Punnett Square
  • Monohybrid Cross
• Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics
• Punnett Square is a graphical representation used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in a genetic cross
• Monohybrid Cross is a genetic cross involving the inheritance of a single trait or characteristic
• Characters studied in the first filial (F1) generation

  • Seed shape
  • Seed color
  • Seed coat color
  • Pod shape
  • Pod color
  • Flower position
  • Stem length
• Chromosome


  A structure in the cell nucleus that contains the genetic material
• Chromatid


  One of the two identical copies of a chromosome after DNA replication
• Chromatin


  The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the contents of the cell nucleus
• Transcription


  The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA
• Translation


  The process of synthesizing proteins from the information encoded in mRNA
• Mitosis


  The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells
• Meiosis


  The process of cell division that results in four genetically distinct daughter cells
• Mitosis and meiosis are both involved in making new cells
• Diploid


  Having two complete sets of chromosomes
• Interphase


  Cell duplicates chromosomes
• Humans have 46 chromosomes total
• It's hard to draw 46 chromosomes, so 6 chromosomes will be used in the diagrams
• Some insects like mosquitoes have 6 chromosomes
• PMAT


  The stages of mitosis and meiosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Prophase in mitosis


  Chromosomes condense and become visible
• Prophase I in meiosis


  Homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over
• Metaphase in mitosis


  Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in a single file
• Metaphase I in meiosis


  Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in pairs