l

• Inflammatory response


  Involves many cells and many chemicals
• Vasolidation


  Dilating / become bigger. increases blood flow
• CHEMOTACTIC ATTRACTION


  which white blood cells leave the blood and enter the tissue
• INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY


  The vessels will be more permeable to the blood vessels, making it easier for chemicals to enter.
• LOCAL INFLAMMATION


  It is an inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body.
• SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION


  It is an inflammatory response that is generally distributed throughout the body.
• RED BONE MARROW


  Produces and releases large numbers of neutrophils
• PYROGENS


  Produces and releases large numbers of neutrophils
• VASCULAR PERMEABILITY


  , it can increase so much that large amounts of fluid are lost from the blood into the tissues.
• MEMORY CELLS


  basis of adaptive immunity.
• ALLERGIC REACTION


  Are caused by pollen, animal hairs, foods, and drugs
• SELF-ANTIGENS


  molecules produced by the person’s body that stimulate an immune system response.
• AUTOIMMNUE DISEASE


  self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue. (attacking your own body)
• RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS


  destroys the tissue within the joints.
• HUMORAL IMMUNITY 


  Involves a group of B cells and proteins called ANTIBODIES (plasma)
• B CELLS


  CELLS THAT PRODUCE ANTIBODIES THAT FOUND ON PLASMA
• CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY


  Involves T cells.
• CYTOTOXIC T CELLS HELPER T CELLS

  Two types of T cells:
• STEM CELLS


  Can be seen in red bone marrow in which they are capable of giving rise to all blood lines
• B CELLS


  differentiates in the bone marrow and then goes to the lymph nodes.
• LYMPHOCYTES


  – they have cell membrane proteins called antigen receptors)
• MACROPHAGES


  circulating in blood vessels and process the larger molecule of antigen and it breakdown into smaller fragments that present in t and b cells.
• ANTIGEN RECEPTORS


  found on the surfaces of the lymphocytes.
• MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX MHC


  is a molecule or glycoprotein where in the bonding site of antigen.
• MHC CLASS 1


  found on the membrane of most nucleated cells.
• MHC CLASS 2


  found on the membrane of antigen presenting cells (defense cells)
• Blood diseases


  • Anemia
  • Bleeding Disorders
  • Hemochromatosis
  • Leukemia
  • Thrombocythemia

  
• Anemia


  A common disorder, which is caused when there is a drop in hemoglobin or hematocrit in the blood

  
• Anemia


  • Reduction in the overall number of red blood cells for the quantity of Hemoglobin
  • Red blood cells may be low or have low hemoglobin
  • Causes inability to bring enough oxygen to tissues or organs

  
• Hemoglobin


  Carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues in the body
• Red blood cells


  Carry oxygen through the hemoglobin to all parts of the body
• Manifestations of anemia


  • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin)
  • Tachycardia (shortness of breath)
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness or vertigo
  • Headache
  • Amenorrhea (absence or delay of menstruation)
  • Impaired wound and tissue healing
• Morphological categories of anemia


  • Microcytic - small red blood cells
  • Hypochromic - smaller and less colored red blood cells
  • Macrocytic - large red blood cells
  • Normochromic - normal colored red blood cells
  • Normocytic - normal sized red blood cells

  
• Microcytic/hypochromic anemias


  • Iron deficiency anemia
  • Thalassemia
  • Sideroblastic Anemia
  • Anemia of chronic diseases (severe cases)
• Macrocytic/normochromic anemias


  • Megaloblastic anemia (folate or cobalamine deficiency)
  • Hemolytic anemia (reticulocytotic)
  • Liver disease
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Myelodysplasia
• Normocytic/normochromic anemias


  • Anemia of chronic diseases
  • Iron deficiency (early)
  • Anemia of renal disease
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Aplastic anemia
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)


  Quantifies the amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell

  
• Red blood cell size


  • Macrocytes (large)
  • Normocytes (normal)
  • Microcytes (small)

  
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)


  Indicates how much hemoglobin per red blood cell

  
• MCHC categories


  • Hyperchromic (darkest color)
  • Normochromic (normal color)
  • Hypochromic (blurred color)