PT 5

• Volcano - A rupture in the crust that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface
• Volcanoes


  Openings, or vents where lava, tephra (small rocks), and steam erupt onto the Earth's surface
• Ash


  Fragments of lava or rock smaller than 2 mm in size that are blasted into the air by volcanic explosions
• Ash Cloud


  A cloud of ash formed by volcanic explosions
• Fissure volcano - A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity
• Shield volcano - Produces low viscosity, runny lava that spreads far from the source and forms a volcano with gentle slopes.
• Dome - a steep-sided mound that is formed when lava reaching the Earth's surface is so viscous that it cannot flow away readily and accumulates around the vent.
• Ash-cinder volcano - A steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent.
• Composite volcano


  • Large volcanoes (many thousands of feet or meters tall) generally composed of lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and mudflow (lahar) deposits, as well as lava domes
  • Active over long periods (tens to hundreds of thousands of years), and erupt periodically
• Caldera


  • A large, usually circular volcanic depression formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir
• Most Active Volcanoes in the Philippines

  • Mayon
  • Taal
  • Kanlaon
  • Bulusan
• Kanlaon Volcano is an active stratovolcano and the highest mountain on the island of Negros in the Philippines, as well as the highest point in the Visayas, with an elevation of 2,465 m above sea level
• Mount Hibok-Hibok or Catarman Volcano has an elevation of 4,370 feet and a base diameter of 10 kilometers. It has six hot springs and three craters
• Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano in the Zambales Mountains, located on the tripoint boundary of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga, all in Central Luzon on the northern island of Luzon
• Mount Bulusan in Sorsogon Province is the most recently active volcano in the Philippines, which erupted on Independence Day, June 12, 2022
• Smith Volcano, also known as Mount Babuyan, is a cinder cone on Babuyan Island, the northernmost of the Babuyan group of islands on Luzon Strait, north of the main island of Luzon in the Philippines
• Mount Matutum is an active stratovolcano, is the highest point in the province of South Cotabato in the Philippines, with an elevation of 7,500 feet above sea level, approximately 5.7 kilometres from Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato
• Potentially-lethal and destructive hazards near to the volcano

  • Pyroclastic density currents/flows
  • Lahars
  • Ballistic projectiles
  • Lava flows
  • Volcanic landslides
  • Earthquakes
  • Tsunami
  • Thick ashfalls
• World's most dangerous volcanoes

  • Mount St. Helens, Washington
  • Mount Kilauea, Hawaii
  • Mayon Volcano, The Philippines
  • Redoubt Volcano, Alaska
  • Mount Pinatubo, The Philippines
  • Mount Agung, Bali
  • Mount Fuji, Japan
  • Popocatépetl, Mexico
• MAGMA -  Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
• PARASITIC CONE - A small cone-shaped volcano formed by an accumulation of volcanic debris.
• SILL - A flat piece of rock formed when magma hardens in a crack in a volcano.
• VENT - An opening in Earth's surface through which volcanic materials escape.
• FLANK - THE SIDE OF THE VOLCANO
• LAVA - Molten rock that erupts from a volcano that solidifies as it cools.
• CRATER - Mouth of a volcano - surrounds a volcanic vent.
• CONDUIT - An underground passage magma travels through.
• SUMMIT - Highest point; apex
• THROAT - Entrance of a volcano.