Chem bio 1.1 part 2

• Phytochemicals


  Nonnutritive, plant-based bioactive compounds that have disease preventive components
• Nutraceuticals


  Substance that is food or part food that provides medicinal or health benefits including prevention of disease
• Types of nutraceuticals


  • Herbal products
  • Dietary supplements
  • Isolation nutrients
  • Designer food
• Basic or natural functional food

  Formulated functional food
• Phytochemicals


  • Antibacterial
  • Antifungal
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Antiallergic
  • Antispasmodic
  • Chemopreventive
  • Hepatoprotective
  • Neuroprotective
• There are 1000 known phytochemicals
• Phytochemicals


  Produced by plants as secondary metabolites, have great antioxidant potential, prevent aging, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, heart disease, etc.
• Kinds of phytochemicals


  • Alkaloids
  • Phytosterol
  • Polyphenols
  • Flavonoids
  • Tannins
  • Terpenoids
  • Organosulfur compounds
• Main roles of phytochemicals

  • Substrate for biochemical reactions
  • Cofactors and inhibitors of enzymatic reactions
  • Scavengers for toxic chemicals
  • Enhance absorption and stability of essential nutrients
  • Selective growth factor for beneficial bacteria
  • Ligands that agonize/antagonize cell surface or receptors
  • Eliminate undesirable contents in the intestines
• Extraction


  Process of separation of bioactive components of plants using selective solvents
• Factors that can influence the quality of extracts

  • Solvent
  • Plant part
  • Procedure
• Factors that affect extracted bioactive components

  • Nature
  • Origin
  • Processing
  • Moisture content
  • Particle size
• Factors that affect quantity of secondary metabolite

  • Type and time of extraction
  • Temperature
  • Nature and concentration of solvent
• Antioxidant-rich phytochemicals


  • Carotenoid
  • Phytosterols
  • Limonoids
  • Polyphenols
  • Phytoestrogen
  • Terpenoids
  • Saponins
  • Fibers and polysaccharides
• Phytochemicals of nutraceutical importance

  • A-linoleic acid
  • Allicin
  • Anthocyanins
  • Carotene
  • Catechins
  • Curcumin
  • Gallic acid
  • Geinstein
  • Diosgenin
  • Ellagic acid
• Solvents


  • Water
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Acetone
  • Chloroform
  • Dichloromethanol
  • Ether
• Characteristics of good solvents

  • Low toxicity
  • Ease of evaporation
  • High absorption of the extract
  • Preservative action
  • High % yield
• Techniques of phytochemical extractions

  • Maceration
  • Infusion
  • Percolation
  • Digestion
  • Soxhlet
  • Aqueous-alcoholic by fermentation
  • Microwave-assisted
  • Sonication
  • SFE (supercritical fluid extraction)
  • Headspace trapping
  • Solid phase microextraction
  • Protoplast
  • Microdistillation
  • Thermomicrodistillation
  • Molecular
• Aromatic plants


  • Hydrodistillation techniques (water, steam)
  • Hydrolytic maceration
• Ethnobotany


  Study of plants in relation to people including wild and domesticated plants