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• The background of the study is basically an overview of the research study and explains why you, as researcher, are doing the study. It provides information that is important or essential to understand the main body of the research investigation.
• • The statement of the problem is presented in interrogative form. It is usually stated with the general problem first followed by the specific problems. Examples of stating research problems are presented in the succeeding pages.
• 1. Objectives of the Study 

  • is stated in declarative form. It is actually aligned with the enumerated statement of the problems and it is simply rephrasing from interrogative form to declarative form.
• Hypotheses - The statements about what might happen if certain conditions exist
• 1. Research Hypothesis 

  • It is an intelligent guess or assumption. It should be specific, clear, and testable proposition or predictive statement about the possible outcome of a scientific research study based on a particular property of a population, such as presumed differences between groups on a particular variable or relationships between variables. 
• Null hypothesis (Ho)


  Generally stated in negative statement, states the exact opposite of what an investigator or an experimenter predicts or expects, states that there is no exact or actual relationship between the variables
• Alternative hypothesis (Ha)


  Stated in affirmative or positive statement, suggests or advises there is a potential result or an outcome that an investigator or the researcher may expect
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  1. Inductive Perspective 

  Starts presenting the importance of the study from the target beneficiaries, to the researcher himself, to the people in the community, province, region, and nation.
• • Significance of the Study 

  The researcher should prove that the study has important contributions in relation to solving the problem and need, bridging a knowledge gap, improving conditions, supporting government thrusts
• 1. Scope and Delimitations 

  This includes the coverage of the study, the subjects/respondents of the study, location, duration of the study, research instrument, and the constraints that have direct bearing on the result of the study
• Definition of Terms 

  Define operationally and conceptually the terms and variables used in 

  the research study to have a clearer understanding. 
• 
  

  1. Conceptual – based on concepts which are usually taken from dictionary, encyclopedia, and published journals. 
• TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS 

  Descriptive Survey 

  This is applicable in describing the subjects or respondents of the study. The word 

  survey signifies the gathering of data regarding present conditions without reference to norm or standards.
• Descriptive- Comparative 

  This is used when the researcher considers two or more variables and establishes a formal procedure to compare and conclude that one is better than the other/s. 
• Sampling 

  Means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. Samples are used to make inferences about populations. Probability sampling means that every member of the target population has a known chance of being included in the sample.
• There are two primary types of sampling methods that you can use in your research: 

  • Probability sampling 

  Involves random selection, allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group. 

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• Stratified Sampling 

  In stratified sampling, researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata 

  based on characteristics that they share (e.g., race, gender, educational attainment). 
• Significance of the Study The researcher should prove that the study has important contributions in relation to solving the problem and need, bridging a knowledge gap, improving conditions, supporting government thrusts.
• Non-probability sampling 

  Involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data
• Descriptive-correlational 

  This design involves the description, and relationship/influence of the variable/s to another variable/s of the study.
• Descriptive –Comparative -Correlational

   This design involves the description, comparison, and relationship/influence of the subjects/variables of the study.
• Descriptive Normative Survey 

  This survey is used to describe the respondents or subjects of the study to ascertain the normal or typical condition for practice or to compare the results with a state or national norm. The results/findings of the study is compared with the norm or standards.
• Deductive Perspective Starts presenting the importance of the study from the national level, regional, provincial, local, to the researcher, and target beneficiaries.
• Operational- based

  on observable characteristics and how it is used in the study.