CC1

• Name 4 Key elements

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
• Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen
• Carbon dioxide and water are inorganic molecules because they dont contain carbon and hydrogen
• Polymers

  Long chains of repeating units (monomers)
• Macronutrients

  • Magnesium
  • Phosphorus (phosphate ion)
  • Iron
  • Calcium
• Monosaccharides

  • Trioses (3 carbons)
  • Pentoses (5 carbons)
  • Hexoses (6 carbons)
• Glucose

  Provides energy
• Cellulose

  Provides strength to cell walls
• Monosaccharides can form disaccharides through a condensation reaction
• Structural isomers have the same chemical formula but different structure
• Micronutrients

  • Zinc
  • Copper
  • Cobalt
  • Selenium
  • Iodine
• Magnesium

  • Component in chlorophyll
  • Lack of it causes less chlorophyll to be made so plants turn yellow
• Phosphate

  • Component of phospholipids and nucleic acids
• Iron

  • Component of haemoglobin
• Calcium

  • Strengthens plant cells walls
  • Strengthens teeth and bones
• Types of hexose

  • Alpha glucose
  • Beta glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
• Difference between alpha and beta glucose

  The hydroxyl group on carbon one is on the bottom in alpha but on the top on beta
• 3 Types of disaccharide and their reactants

  Glucose + glucose = maltose

  Glucose + fructose = sucrose

  Glucose + galactose = lactose
• What is formed between a disaccharide?

  Glycosidic Bond
• Properties of polysaccharides

  • Insoluble
  • Not sweet
• Types of polysaccharide

  • Starch
  • Glucogen
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
• Starch Structure

  • Storage in plants
  • Alpha glucose
  • Made of Amylose 1-4 GB
  • Made of Amylopectin 1-4 + 1-6 GB
  • Compact
  • Insoluble
  • Easily converted to glucose
• Glycogen Structure

  • Storage in animals
  • Alpha glucose
  • Like amylopectin 1-4 + 1-6 GB
  • Compact
  • Insoluble
  • Easily converted to glucose
• Cellulose Structure

  • Structural in plant cells walls
  • Beta glucose
  • 1-4 Glycosidic Bonds
  • Alternate glucoses rotate 180° to form bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds form between parallel chains to form MICROFIBRILS
  • Strong
  • Rigid
• Chitin Structure

  • Structural in exoskeletons and fungi cell walls
  • Beta glucose
  • 1-4 Glycosidic Bonds
  • Mucopolysaccharide: contains nitrogen as acetylamine groups
  • Hydrogen bonds form between parallel chains to form MICROFIBRILS
  • Strong
  • Waterproof
  • Lightweight
• Proteins

  Chain of amino acids
• Amino acid structure

  • Amine group
  • Carboxyl group
  • R/Variable group
• Bonds in proteins

  • Peptide bonds
• Primary Structure

  • Number, sequence and type of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

  • Same for each particular protein
• Secondary Structure

  • Folding parts of a polypeptide chain to form alpha helices and beta pleated sheets which are held by hydrogen bonds
• Tertiary Structure

  • 3D folding of entire polypeptide chain
  • Compact spherical structure
  • Contains disulphide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions
• Quaternary structure

  • 2 or more polypeptide chains joined together
  • Contains disulphide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions
• Types of proteins

  • Fibrous
  • Globular
• Globular

  • metabolic function
  • Haemoglobin & enzymes
  • Water solubleNot chemically stable
  • Not chemically stable
  • Teritary and some quaternary structure
  • Compact spherical structure
  • Irregular amino acid sequence
• Fibrous Protein

  • Structural function
  • Collagen & Keratin
  • Chemically stable
  • Not water soluble
  • Little or no tertiary structure
  • Long parallel chains
  • Regular repetitive amino acid sequence
• Collagen

  • Fibrous protein
  • 3 polypeptide chains
  • Triple helix
• Haemoglobin

  • Globular protein
  • 4 polypeptide chains
  • Quaternary structure
  • Haem groups
• Fats

  • Solid at room temperature
• Oils

  • Liquid at room temperature
• Triglycerides

  • Glycerol and 3 fatty acids which form ester linkages during a condensation reaction
  • Poor conductor of heat so is used for insulation