HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Cards (15)
- THUCYDIDES (430 BC)
- observed the PLAGUE IN ATHENS that individuals who had PREVIOUSLY CONTRACTED THE DISEASE recovered.
- also called as the IMMUNE RESPONSE
- CHINESE (1000 AD)
- Inhaling dried powders derived from CRUSTS OF SMALLPOX LESIONS
- VARIOLATION
- Practice of deliberately expose the individual to the material from smallpox lesions
- 15TH CENTURY
- powdered smallpox "crusts" were inserted with a pin into the skin (INOCULATION)
- EDWARD JENNER (1700s) - He discovered that vaccination could prevent smallpox.
- EDWARD JENNER
- observed MILKMAID who are exposed to COWPOX had APPARENT IMMUNITY TO SMALLPOX
- injected individuals with materials from a cowpox lesion and then exposed to SMALLPOX
- PROVED IMMUNITY TO COWPOX and provided PROTECTION TO SMALLPOX
- LATE 1800's
- scientists turned to identifying the ACTUAL MECHANISMS that would produce IMMUNITY to the host
- ELLIE METCHNIKOFF
- discovered PHAGOCYTOSIS
- a RUSSIAN scientist
- observed foreign objects introduced into STARFISH LARVAE becomes surrounded by MOTILE CELLS that would attempt to DESTROY THE INVADERS
- hypothesized that immunity of disease was based on the ACTION OF SCAVENGER CELLS
- LOUIS PASTEUR - FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY
- discovered the FIRST attenuated vaccine
- key figure in the development of both MICROBIOLOGY and IMMUNOLOGY
- JULES BORDET (1894)
- discovered COMPLEMENT
- ROBERT KLAUS (1897)
- discovered PRECIPITINS
- EMIL ALOLF VON BEHRING (1901)
- first immunology related NOBEL PRIZE
- Serum therapy
- ALMOTH WRIGHT (1903)
- discovered that IMMUNE RESPONSE involved both CELLULAR and HUMORAL elements
- observed that there are certain HUMORAL or CIRCULATING factors called OPSONINS that acted on bacteria and coats it to become more susceptible to PHAGOCYTOSIS
- serum factors include SPECIFIC PROTEINS (ANTIBODIES) and NON-SPECIFIC FACTORS (ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS) which INCREASE during infections
- 1984 - Discovery of T cell receptor genes
- SUSUMU TONEGAWA (1987)
- Won the NOBEL PRIZE for discovery of genetic principles underlying the generation antibodies with different specificities