population

• Birth rate: The number of live births per 1000 people per year.
• Death rate: The number of deaths per 1000 people per year.
• Natural increase: when birth rate is higher than death rate, population goes up.
• Natural decrease: when death rate is higher than birth rate. population goes down.
• Immigration: People coming into a country or region.
• Net migration: the difference between immigration (people moving into an area) and emigration (people leaving).
• Emigration: People leaving a country or region.
• Population density: Number of people living within an area divided by the size of that area.
• Migration: The movement of people from one place to another, usually for economic reasons.
• Total population growth: The total number of people in a country or region.
• Why do LEDCs have high birth rates:

  • Little availability of contraception/family planning/abortions.
  • Little education about contraception.
  • Not able to afford contraception.
  • Traditionally large families/need to prove virility/Islam religion.
  • Not expensive to bring up children/can send children to work and earn money.
  • Few women have coreers, so marry early have lots of children.
  • No pensions in old age so need children to look after them.
  • High infant mortality rate - more you have, higher chance more survive

  Opposite for MEDC'S.
• Why do LEDCs have high death rates:

  • Poor healthcare/few hospitals/doctors/nurses etc.
  • Poor sanitation/poor hygiene/lack of toilets.
  • Not enough access to safe clean water/water borne diseases.
  • Limited food supplies/malnutrition/starvation
  • High levels of HIV/AIDS
  • Lack of vaccinations/medicines/cannot cure diseases.
  • Lack of education about healthy lifestyles e.g. smoking/diet.

  Opposite for MEDCs.
• Overpopulation: The number of people in a country or area is greater than the amount of resources available
• Underpopulation: When a country has a lower population than it should have and too many resources.
• Optimum population: Number of people equal to amount of resources.
• CS: Impacts of underpopulation, Australia:

  • Needs to attract migrants to exploit resources and increase its economy. 14th highest migration in the world.
  • Some migrants racially abused.
  • More resources than it needs, so exports many goods like iron and meat. Exports worth $200 billion.
  • Can't always provide services as sometimes populations too small. Hospitals, schools etc.
  • At times not enough workers so have to import food and goods which increases their cost.
  • A good quality of life for its residents, HDI of 0.94.
  • 99% literacy rate.
  • Large areas of open space and housing
• CS: Impacts of overpopulation, Nigeria:

  • Not enough housing in areas like Kano.
  • Pollution of water ways such as Port Harcourt, fewer fish etc.
  • Shortages of food and water in Yola. People fall ill, undernourished etc.
  • High crime rates in Jos. People don't feel safe.
  • Not enough hospitals in Ibadan. Long wait to see doctor, fall ill, die.
  • Congested roads in Lagos. Traffic, late to work.
  • More people leads to lack of houses and increase of slum houses in Lagos.
• CS: Population decline, Russia:

  • Low BR and high DR (high for men).
  • Break up of USSR, lots of poverty and cost of raising a child has gone up so less people are born.
  • Many Russian women are educated, want careers so have less babies therefore BR falls.
  • DR is high with many men especially dying young from alcohol (vodka) poisoning and poverty and HIV/AIDS.
  • Male life expectancy only 7 years.
  • Covid killed a lot of people, as did Ukraine war.
  • Emigration to western Europe for a better quality of life.
  • Contraception use is high in Russia. 80%. of adults use it.
• CS: Population increase, Kenya:

  • Kenya has a high population rate.
  • From 1970 (27 mil) to 2018 (38 mil) in 2019, increased by 25 mil, nearly doubled.
  • High BR in Kenya
  • 4.6 children per Kenyan woman, this is very high.
  • DR falling. Better medicine and less babies dying.
  • Increase in life expectancy. 66 in kenya.
• Population structure: The distribution of individuals within a population, based on age, sex, or other characteristics.
• Young: 0-15 years pre productive/dependant/economically

  inactive.
• Middle aged: 16-64 years productive/independant/economically active
• Old: 65+ years post productive/dependant/economically

  inactive
• Dependancy ratio: The number of people in a population who are dependent on the support of others
• Anti-natalist: People who believe that the number of children should be limited.
• Pro-natalist: A policy that encourages the birth of children.
• CS: Migration, Poland to UK:

  • Average unemployment of 18.5% in 2005 in Poland.
  • Lots of cheap flights from Poland to the uk on Ryanair, quick and cheap.
  • Unemployment in the Uk is at 5.1%.
  • GDP in Poland was $12,700 per head compared to $30,900 in the UK - average earnings.
  • Polish people could easily find jobs in factories or fruit picking.
  • Vacancies in the UK for Oct - Dec 2007 were 607,900.
  • In Poland, you can earn £ 300 a month. In the Uk, you can earn £ 300 a week.
• Benefits of migration to the UK:

  • They contribute large amounts of money to the British economy.
  • Polish people bring in Polish food and culture.
  • Polish people do hard, low paid jobs.
  • Between 2000 and 2011, migrants payed nearly 20 billion in public taxes.
  • Without migrants many componies workplaces would close down.
  • Polish people are very religious, more churches ore in use, they stay open.
  • Migrants payed 64% more in taxes than they recieved.
• Negatives of migration.

  • Brawn/brain drain.
  • More pressure on schools and hospitals with increasing population.
  • Less money is spent in the country as more money is sent home.
  • Families are split up.
  • Reception centers built which costs gov money.
  • Jobs for local people under threat.
  • Increased racism.
  • Single men scare locals.
• CS: Internal rural to urban migration, Oriss to Mumbai:

  • Better quality of life in cities like Mumbai.
  • Weaker caste system in cities.
  • Within a mega city like Mumbai more jobs in the formal and informal sector like shoe shining and construction.
  • Earn only 12 rupees in rural India.
  • Better health and education system in Mumbai.
  • Machinery has made many farm labourers unemployed.
  • Hot climate meaning farming is difficult and people are unemployed.
  • Bright lights of Bollywood attracts people.
• CS: Problems of elderly population, Japan:

  • 20% + of population are elderly dependants, causes strain on working population.
  • Higher taxation.
  • More money spent on care homes.
  • Lack of innovative workforce causes unproductivity in electronics industries.
  • Small army
  • Lack of workers so need to attract Chinese/Filipino workers.
  • Reduced supply of workers leads to large MNCs like Sony having to increase pay.
• Benefits of an elderly population:

  • Many old people are wealthy, saved for a long time, can afford expensive cars/holidays. Puts money into the economy. 'Grey pound'
  • Help maintain the cultures for further generations by passing down their knowledge.
  • After retirement, have time on their hands to Help society and help support charities.
  • Often grandparents provide free childcare to their grandchildren.
  • Niche markets - high chairs, mobility scooters, etc.
• Strategies to cope with an ageing population:

  Increase pension age up to 67/68 so the government doesn't have to pay pensions for as long.

  Public sector workers have to pay more into their pensions so the government costs are less.

  More EU immigrants come to work and pay taxes, this means the government can pay for the elderly.
• Population density = total population divided by total area.
• Why is the east of Brazil densely populated?

  On Atlantic coast - growth of Tuna fishing industry around Rio.

  Tropical climate all year (25 ° average) allows many growing seasons.

  Fertile soil deposited by Amazon river floods allows intensive farming around North East Brazil - c.g. Recife.

  Growth of major ports (Santos) for trade and and use of sandy beaches for tourism sector (Rio), Statue of Christ, Copacabana beach etc.

  Lots of industry like the Fiat car plant.
• Why the rainforest of Brazil is sparsely populated:

  • Dense Amazon rainforest is hard to clear and build on.
  • Lack of development and expense of clearing, so large areas have no communication or job opportunities. Poor soil fertility - thin soils not suitable for development for crops like wheat.
  • Large areas dominated by drug lords and terrorists. FARC (communist rebels) in Colombia made the Amazon unsafe.