Cells (Lab)

Cards (25)

  • History of Cell Study
    • Robert Hooke - discovered cell
    • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - famous in observing one celled organisms
    • RJH Dutrochet (1824) - all living things are made of cells and increase in size and divide (one of the first clear statement)
    • Dujardin (1835) - French zoologist recognized the universality of protoplasm within plant cells and named it
    • Max Schultz - called protoplasm the physical basis of heredity
    • Rudolf Virchow - studied the life of cells and concluded that "every cell comes from a pre-existing cell" (cell theory/doctrine)
  • Significance of Cells
    • Unit of structure and function, function, growth, reproduction
    • Contain the units heredity
  • Cell shape
    • Spherical
    • Polyhedral
    • Ovoid
    • Ellipsoid
    • Cylindrical
    • Tubular
    • Prismatic
    • Lamelliform
    • Fiber-like
    • Stellate
  • Cell size
    • 1mm - parenchyma cells
    • 1-3 mm - fibers of wood & phloem of angiosperm
    • 2-8mm - fibers of wood & phloem of gymnosperm
    • 20-50mm - certain monocotyledon
  • Prokaryotic Cell
    • Cell lacks true nucleus
    • 1-10 um in diameter
    • DNA is in a single chromosome located in the nucleoid region
    • Internal membrane does not compartmentalize with few organelles
  • Eukaryotic cell
    • Have true nucleus
    • 10-100 um in diameter
    • Membrane-bound compartment that houses DNA within chromosomes
    • Organelles- small membranous bodies structure suits their functions
  • ORGANELLES
    • Cell Wall
    • Plasma or Cell Membrane
    • Ribosomes / Microsomes
    • Endoplasmic reticulum
    • Golgi apparatus / Dictyosomes
    • Vacuoles and vesicles
    • Peroxisomes / Microbodies
    • Mitochondrion
    • Chloroplast
    • Cytoskeleton
    • Nucleus
  • Cell Wall
    • Composition: cellulose fibrils
    • Function: for support and protection
  • Plasma or Cell Membrane
    • Composition: Bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins
    • Function: passage of molecules into and out of the cell
  • Ribosomes / Microsomes
    • Composition: proteins & RNA in 2 subunits (60 - 40)
    • Function: protein synthesis
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
    • Composition: membranous flattened channels and tubular canals
    • Function: transport system, protein synthesis- rough ER
  • Golgi apparatus / Dictyosomes
    • Composition: stack of membranous saccules
    • Function: processing and packaging of molecules, e.g. glycoproteins
  • Vacuoles and vesicles
    • Composition: membranous sacs
    • Function: storage of substances
  • Peroxisomes / Microbodies
    • Composition: membranous vesicle containing specific enzymes
    • Function: various metabolic tasks
  • Mitochondrion
    • Composition: inner membrane (cristae) within outer membrane
    • Function: cellular respiration
  • Chloroplast
    • Composition: inner membrane (grana) within 2 outer membrane
    • Function: photosynthesis
  • Cytoskeleton
    • Composition: microtubules, microfilaments
    • Function: shape of cell and movements of its parts
  • Nucleus
    • Composition: nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleoplasm, chromosome and nucleoli
    • Function: cellular respiration and control of photosynthesis
  • Cells - smallest living unit, most are microscopic
  • Principles of Cell Theory
    • All living things are made of cells
    • Smallest living unit is the cell
    • All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
  • Prokaryotic cells
    • 1st cell type on Earth
    • Cell type of bacteria and archaea
    • No membrane bound nucleus
    • Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
    • Organelles not bound by membranes
  • Eukaryotic cells
    • Nucleus bound by membrane
    • Include fungi, protists, plants, animal cell
    • Possess many organelles
  • Cytoplasm
    • Viscous fluid containing organelles
    • Components: Interconnected filaments & fibers, Fluid = cytosol, Organelles (not nucleus), Storage of substances
  • Nucleus
    • Control center of cell
    • Double membrane
    • Contains chromosomes and nucleolus
  • DNA
    • Hereditary material
    • Chromosomes: DNA, proteins, form of cell division
    • Chromatin