Cell structures and their functions

Cards (68)

  • Organelles: specialized structures in cells that perform
    specific functions
  • Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance that holds organelles
  • Cell Membrane: controls what goes in and out of the cell, controls what goes on inside the cell, outermost component of a cell
  • Extracellular: material outside cell
  • Intracellular: material inside cell
  • Cell Membrane also called Fluid Mosaic Model
  • Phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer
  • Phospholipids contain 2 regions: polar and nonpolar
  • Polar regions:
    “heads”
    hydrophilic (H2O loving)
    • exposed to H2O
  • Nonpolar regions:
    “tails”
    hydrophobic (H2O fearing)
    • away from H2O
  • Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium are found in
    higher concentrations INSIDE the cell.
  • Sodium, calcium, and chloride are found in higher
    concentrations OUTSIDE the cell.
  • diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  • Membrane channels: open and close to allow ions and water to pass through, proteins that extend from one side of cell
    membrane to other.
  • Carrier molecules: bind to molecules, transport them across, and
    drop them off
  • Vesicles:
    can transport a variety of materials
    • fuse with cell membrane
  • Solution: solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes
  • Solute: substance added to solvent that dissolves
  • Solvent: substance such as H2O that solute is being added to
  • Concentration gradient:
    • measures conc. difference at 2 points
    • greater the distance the faster the solute will travel
  • Filtration: movement of fluid through a partition with holes
  • Facilitated diffusion:
    diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
    • requires no ATP
  • Active transport:
    moves substances from low to high conc.
    requires ATP
    • Ex. Sodium-potassium pump
  • Osmosis: diffusion of water across a cell membrane
  • Osmotic pressure: force required to prevent movement of water across cell membrane
  • Hypotonic solution:
    • lower conc. of solutes outside cell
    • higher conc. of H2O outside cell
    • H2O moves into cell
    • lysis (burst)
  • Hypertonic solution:
    • higher conc. of solutes outside cell
    • higher conc. H2O inside cell
    • H2O moves out
    • crenation (shrinks)
  • Isotonic solution:
    • equal conc. of solutes
    • water doesn’t move
    • cell remains intact
  • Endocytosis: process that brings materials into cell using vesicles
  • Phagocytosis: cell eating (solid particles)
  • Pinocytosis: cell drinking (liquid particles)
  • Exocytosis: process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles
  • Cytoplasm
    • Location: inside cell
    • Characteristic: jelly-like fluid
    • Function: give cell shape and hold organelles in place
  • Nucleus
    • Location: center of cell
    • Characteristic: all cells contain nucleus at some point
    Function: houses DNA
  • Nuclear envelope:
    Location: edge of nucleus
  • Nuclear pores:
    • Location: surface of nucleus
    • Function: where materials pass in and out of nucleus
  • Chromosome:
    Location: inside nucleus
    Characteristic: made of DNA and proteins
    Function: part of genetic makeup
  • Chromatin:
    Location: inside nucleus
    Characteristic: loosely coiled chromosomes
  • Nucleolus
    Location: in nucleus
    Function: produce ribosomes
  • Ribosome
    Location: attached to RER or cytoplasm
    Function: produce proteins