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Anatomy and Physiology
Cell structures and their functions
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Cards (68)
Organelles
: specialized structures in cells that perform
specific functions
Cytoplasm
: jelly-like substance that holds organelles
Cell Membrane
: controls what goes in and out of the cell, controls what goes on inside the cell, outermost component of a cell
Extracellular
: material
outside
cell
Intracellular
: material
inside
cell
Cell Membrane
also called
Fluid Mosaic Model
Phospholipids
form a double layer or
bilayer
Phospholipids
contain 2 regions:
polar
and
nonpolar
Polar regions
:
“heads”
hydrophilic (H2O loving)
exposed to H2O
Nonpolar regions
:
“tails”
hydrophobic (H2O fearing)
away from H2O
Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium are found in
higher concentrations
INSIDE
the cell.
Sodium, calcium, and chloride are found in higher
concentrations
OUTSIDE
the cell.
diffusion
: the movement of molecules from an area of
high
concentration to an area of
low
concentration
Membrane channels
: open and close to allow ions and water to pass through, proteins that extend from one side of cell
membrane to other.
Carrier molecules
: bind to molecules, transport them across, and
drop them off
Vesicles
:
can transport a variety of materials
fuse with cell membrane
Solution
: solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes
Solute
: substance added to solvent that dissolves
Solvent
: substance such as H2O that solute is being added to
Concentration gradient:
measures conc. difference at 2 points
greater the distance the faster the solute will travel
Filtration
: movement of fluid through a partition with holes
Facilitated diffusion
:
diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
requires
no ATP
Active transport:
moves substances from
low to high
conc.
requires
ATP
Ex. Sodium-potassium pump
Osmosis
: diffusion of water across a cell membrane
Osmotic pressure
: force required to prevent movement of water across cell membrane
Hypotonic
solution:
lower
conc. of solutes
outside
cell
higher conc. of H2O
outside
cell
H2O moves into cell
lysis
(
burst
)
Hypertonic
solution:
higher
conc. of solutes
outside
cell
higher conc. H2O
inside
cell
H2O moves
out
crenation
(
shrinks
)
Isotonic
solution:
equal conc. of solutes
water doesn’t move
cell remains intact
Endocytosis
: process that brings materials into cell using vesicles
Phagocytosis
: cell
eating
(
solid
particles)
Pinocytosis
: cell
drinking
(
liquid
particles)
Exocytosis
: process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles
Cytoplasm
Location: inside cell
Characteristic: jelly-like fluid
Function: give cell shape and hold organelles in place
Nucleus
Location: center of cell
Characteristic: all cells contain nucleus at some point
Function: houses DNA
Nuclear envelope:
Location: edge of nucleus
Nuclear pores
:
Location: surface of nucleus
Function: where materials pass in and out of nucleus
Chromosome
:
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: made of DNA and proteins
Function: part of genetic makeup
Chromatin
:
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: loosely coiled chromosomes
Nucleolus
Location: in nucleus
Function: produce ribosomes
Ribosome
Location: attached to RER or cytoplasm
Function: produce
proteins
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